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6023 results in Facet Publishing

Page 295 of 302

  • 21 - Cultural Objects in Networked Environments (COINE)

  • from THEME 5 - THE CREATION OF DIGITAL RESOURCES BY USER COMMUNITIES
    • By Michelle Kelly, Research Associate, CERLIM, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Geoff Butters, Research Associate, CERLIM, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Shelagh Fisher, Jenny Craven
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 5
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 219-226

  • Summary

    Introduction

    For memory institutions to reach broader audiences, they need to move beyond resource discovery and offer services that also relate to people's lives. (DigiCULT, 2002)

    Recent studies, such as the 2002 DigiCULT Report (Technological landscapes for tomorrow's cultural economy: unlocking the value of cultural heritage), are beginning to suggest that there has been a shift in emphasis for digitization projects within museums, libraries and archives. While digitizing collections and putting information online remains the valid goal of most institutions, it is now being recognized that greater value can be added to these collections and sources of information if the role of the ‘user’ is more closely examined and the resources interpreted accordingly. The aim of simply creating digital content on websites and databases has been surpassed by the desire to enhance, manipulate or change the content according to the requirements of a specific audience, therefore making resources relevant to individual users. The DigiCULT Report highlights this change and the increasing demand for ‘high quality, enriched digital content’ (DigiCULT, 2002, 8) with an emphasis on lifelong learning and the relating of cultural resources to individual lives.

    The COINE (Cultural Objects In Networked Environments) project is rooted in the idea of digital cultural heritage being driven by user communities. It embraces the possibility of there being a ‘two-way’ flow of information and cultural heritage resources: no longer should it only be museums, libraries and archives that create the digital content for remote users, but these institutions should also present the opportunity for the users themselves to be active in this creative process, using information technology to improve the sharing of and access to community heritage, collections and personal stories.

    It is from this vision – where users are as active as institutions in the portrayal of community heritage – that the COINE project was born. Could an information system be developed that would:

  • • allow people to create and publish their own stories and resources?

  • • be suitable for people with limited experience of information and digital technology?

  • • perform complex searches?

  • • be capable of handling many hundreds of thousands of objects and narratives while still producing usable results?

  • 5 - Delivering the electronic resource

  • Stuart D. Lee, Frances Boyle
  • Book:
    Building an Electronic Resource Collection
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 112-145

  • Summary

    Introduction

    In the previous chapter we took a step-by-step approach to the life cycle of electronic collection development. At its conclusion we had reached the stage of having evaluated the product and negotiated the licence, and finally of purchasing the resource. There are still several stages left to cover after the initial payment of the invoice, as Figure 5.1 shows. We will look at each of these in turn in this chapter, and conclude with a general discussion of how this system might be put to work in an institution. In this context then, the discussion has to widen out to ‘stakeholders’ (i.e. those people who are affected by the purchase of the resource or may wish to use it) beyond the librarian or collection manager.

    Cataloguing and delivering the electronic resource

    Once the resource has been paid for, the priority is to get it out to the users as quickly as possible. Any delay should be seen as a waste, especially if the product is being subscribed to. Figure 5.1 notes that an extra step has to be taken if the product is to be run locally. The resource must be mounted on the local server (usually an intranet) so that it is available to users, but keeping in mind the terms of licence, as it is important to adhere to any access restrictions imposed. In addition the product may need to be integrated into existing management tools, or into a wider institutional repository.

    If a trial has not been run already it will be at this point that several problems can arise, such as:

  • • the product will simply not run across standard networks

  • • the product will network but requires additional work at the client end – i.e. downloading a piece of software, or mapping a drive for the product to write to

  • • the product does run on a network but only at a very slow rate, or requires a high-specification machine at the client end to be usable

  • • the product runs, but not exactly along the lines negotiated in the licence (e.g. it does not have all the functionality promised, or there are problems using it in the local context).

  • 22 - The DAEDALUS project: an open archiving initiative

  • from THEME 5 - THE CREATION OF DIGITAL RESOURCES BY USER COMMUNITIES
    • By Susan Ashworth, Team Leader, Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow University Library, UK, William Nixon, Deputy Head of IT Services, Glasgow University, UK
  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Shelagh Fisher, Jenny Craven
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 5
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 227-237

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Access to research materials on our campuses is dictated and constrained by the increasing cost of journals, publishers licensing arrangements and the allocation of copyright in that research to publishers. The advent of electronic journals has not increased access to research. In many cases access has, in fact, diminished, as institutions cancel hard copy holdings to subscribe to electronic journals. These are then only available to the staff and students of that institution, and often not available from off-campus locations, thereby disadvantaging the distance learner. The increasing cost of journals is often borne by institutions at the expense of provision of other materials, notably provision of monographs, to undergraduates.

    The DAEDALUS (Data Providers for Academic E-content and the Disclosure of Assets for Learning, Understanding and Scholarship) project is one of a number of projects that aims to widen access to the research produced within higher education in the United Kingdom, to communities both within and without the higher education sector, by setting up open archives of that research.

    The DAEDALUS project has been funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) for three years, to set up open and freely available digital collections of the research output of Glasgow University, one of the Russell Group of research institutions in the United Kingdom. DAEDALUS is not being set up in isolation. Many institutions in the US, Europe and, increasingly, the UK are setting up institutional repositories, and protocols are being developed to enable users to cross-search these archives.

    The DAEDALUS project will use three different types of software: GNU EPrints, DSpace and Virginia Tech Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDdb) to create collections of published and peer-reviewed articles, pre-prints and grey literature, and electronic theses. Although the technical issues surrounding the establishment of these services will be investigated, the main thrust of the project is to advocate changes to the production and dissemination of scholarly output, and to persuade researchers to make their research available to communities beyond the relatively small number with access to academic journals.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Shelagh Fisher, Jenny Craven
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 5
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 1-6

  • Summary

    The fifth Libraries Without Walls (LWW5) conference was held in Lesvos, Greece, from 19 to 23 September 2003. It continued the tradition of the LWW conferences by bringing together international perspectives on the delivery of library and information services to users who are not in the physical library. When the first LWW conference was held in 1995, the focus was primarily on distance learning and geographical dispersion. Since then, however, rapid advances in the development of information and communications technologies (ICTs) based infrastructures and services have led to a situation where many library users now routinely access services remotely – even when ‘remotely' means ‘within sight of the library building’. As a previous conference attendee observed, ‘we are all distance learners now’. LWW5 was concerned with innovative ways of delivering library and information services in this new environment

    In his keynote paper (‘Beyond the Mainstream’, Chapter 2) Peter Brophy reflected on the focus of the LWW conferences since 1995 when the first LWW conference was held to disseminate findings of the BIBDEL project in which three university libraries had worked together to explore the delivery of library and information services ‘at a distance’ through the use of information technology (Irving and Butters, 1996). Brophy noted that in the second LWW conference held in 1997 (Brophy, Fisher and Clarke, 1998) the remote delivery of information services was a subject that had seen rapid growth as an area of specialist interest, so that by the third conference (Brophy, Fisher and Clarke, 2000) the topic had moved into the mainstream of information service delivery and, by the fourth conference (Brophy, Fisher and Clarke, 2002) in 2001 the topic was actually driving the mainstream. In his paper Brophy raised critical questions about the notion of the ‘library’ as an appropriate construct and about the need to develop a new model of ‘libraries without walls’.

    Subsequent papers that were delivered at the conference all contributed in some way to addressing these questions by articulating the findings of new research and the evaluation of novel practices in remote delivery in the context of education and lifelong learning.

  • 6 - Virtual learning and teaching resources: the library as a collaborator

  • from THEME 1 - THE INTEGRATION OF LIBRARY SERVICES AND VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
    • By A. Anneli Ahtola, Library Development Officer, Tampere University Library, Finland
  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Shelagh Fisher, Jenny Craven
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 5
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 56-65

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Learning, teaching and research methods are undergoing rapid and significant changes, which are affecting everybody who reads or writes. Electronic resources are increasingly selected as an information source, and research results are disseminated via information networks. Electronic media also bring about a transformation in how librarians think about their jobs, about information users, and about the whole communication process that they are a part of.

    Digital publishing has critical implications for teaching and learning, and calls for a fresh look being taken at instructional strategies and the accessibility of information. Electronic resources and digital libraries have the capacity and promise to affect education significantly, and have an opportunity to create a new environment for teaching and learning (Dowler, 1997). This paper will reflect on environmental changes that affect libraries and identify activities that generate added value for teaching and learning, and which Tampere University library has adopted.

    Changes in the work environment

    Trends in publishing

    Anything that happens in the publishing field affects libraries and there are many changes in scientific information and publishing structures. In some fields electronic publishing has surpassed its printed counterpart, so that many important materials do not exist in conventional formats any longer.

    Libraries have an important proactive role in developing and using new publishing channels, and also in assisting faculty and students to make use of those channels. Libraries remain relevant only as long as they supply collections and services that meet the changing needs of their users in the classroom and at the desktop.

    Characteristics of university libraries’ clientele

    The user demographics of university libraries are getting more diverse. Faculty and students are increasingly wide-ranging in their interests, background and skills, and display an increasingly varying set of information needs and expectations. Furthermore, new fields of study and the emergence of virtual universities place additional demands on libraries.

    Learning and teaching strategies

    New views about learning and teaching with more emphasis on cognition are emerging and the problem-based method is becoming more prevalent. This method emphasizes active learning and expects students to become self-directed learners, assuming more responsibility for information gathering through exploring information resources and networks. Electronic resources offer innovative approaches to teaching, and make virtual, web-based teaching and learning possible (Poikela, 2001).

  • 16 - Optimizing resource discovery service interfaces: the Library of Texas challenge

  • from THEME 3 - USABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES
    • By William E. Moen, Principal Investigator, ZLOT Project, Texas Center for Digital Knowledge, University of North Texas, USA, Kathleen R. Murray, Associate Fellow, Texas Center for Digital Knowledge, University of North Texas, USA, Irene Lopatovska, School of Library and Information Sciences, University of North Texas, USA
  • Edited by Peter Brophy, Shelagh Fisher, Jenny Craven
  • Book:
    Libraries Without Walls 5
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    15 June 2004, pp 161-172

  • Summary

    Introduction

    State library agencies in the US are expanding their traditional services by building statewide virtual libraries offering resource discovery services that take advantage of the intersection of metasearch technology and user demand for access to networked resources. Understanding the information behaviours of various user groups and optimizing resource discovery interfaces for users are critical to the success of statewide virtual libraries.

    The Texas Center for Digital Knowledge at the University of North Texas began a multiphase applied research project in 2001 in support of the Library of Texas, a statewide virtual library (www.tsl.state.tx.us/lot/index.html). Working under contract for the Texas State Library and Archives Commission, we addressed the design, configuration and system implementation of the Library of Texas Resource Discovery Service. This work became known as the ZLOT Project (www.unt.edu/zlot). The resource discovery service is one component of the broader Library of Texas initiative.

    This paper provides an overview of the Library of Texas Resource Discovery Service, its development and current status. More importantly, we identify usability issues of such resource discovery services and suggest possible approaches for improving and optimizing user and search interfaces of these applications through usability assessment.

    The context: resources, services and users

    The 21st-century library, sometimes referred to as a digital or virtual library, involves the deployment of technologies to enhance access to a wide variety of analogue and digital information resources. Available technologies and applications have the potential to extend the reach and range of users to information resources while reducing the barriers to information access. Libraries have tried various approaches to improve information access in the networked environment. Concepts for these approaches include virtual libraries, resource discovery services, metasearch applications and portals.

    There is a wealth of networked information resources available to library users including:

  • • online catalogues

  • • licensed databases from commercial vendors

  • • locally developed databases

  • • digital repositories

  • • web resources.

    • Until recently these resources were typically offered through separate interfaces. The result was a plethora of resources with the attendant challenges of training users on multiple interfaces. While extending the reach and range of users to networked information resources, the multiple interfaces can be viewed as barriers to effective and efficient information access.

  • Natural Resources & Energy

  • from TECHNOLOGY
  • Edited by Ray Lester
  • Book:
    The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 May 2004, pp 523-544

  • Summary

    Introductions to the subject

    The discovery of global warming

    S.R. Weart See entry no. 1161

    Earth under siege: from air pollution to global change

    R. Turco See entry no. 831

    The economics of the environment and natural resources

    R.Q. Grafton [et al.] Blackwell Publishing, 2004, 520pp. £70.00. ISBN 0631215638.

    Useful survey of the area. Four major parts: Economics of the environment; Resource economics; Environmental valuation; Global environment

    Energy at the crossroads: global perspectives and uncertainties

    V. Smil MIT Press, 2005, 427pp. Originally published 2003, $16.95. ISBN 0262693240.

    Excellent introductory overview. Bibliography pp 383–418. ‘The most sober, thorough, and thoughtful integrated text on energy available, and it embodies core facts and some fundamental truths that any analyst of energy issues should ponder.’ (Nature)

    Energy, technology and directions for the future

    J.R. Fanchi Academic Press, 2004, 491pp. $69.99. ISBN 0122482913.

    Introductory review of the energy sources that will be available in the 21st century energy mix, with useful background. Three major sections: The science of energy; Origins of energy sources; Energy technology.

    Global warming: the complete briefing

    J.T. Houghton See entry no. 1163

    Life support: the environment and human health

    M. McCally, ed. See entry no. 4222

    Oceans 2020: science, trends, and the challenge of sustainability

    J.G. Field, G. Hempel and C.P. Summerhayes, eds; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment See entry no. 1350

    Protecting the ozone layer: science and strategy

    E.A. Parson See entry no. 1169

    Sharing the planet: population–consumption– species: science and ethics for a sustainable and equitable world

    B. van der Zwaan and A. Petersen, eds University of Chicago Press, 2004, 264pp. Distributed for Eburon Publishers, Delft. Also available via University Presses Marketing

    (www.universitypressesmarketing.co.uk), $24.00. ISBN 9051669860. www.sharingtheplanet.org [COMPANION]

    12 papers on sustainability submitted to the Pugwash Symposium, 2002, in two parts: Consumption, population and a sustainable economy; Biodiversity, globalization and sustainable governance. Appendix reproduces the Groningen Manifesto.

    ‘The book is made available at distressing times, times when some with particularly large ecological footprints have decided to turn their backs on issues of sustainability. As the authors point out, it is awareness of the true nature of making choices that holds the potential for correcting our present trajectory.

  • Engineering

  • from TECHNOLOGY
  • Edited by Ray Lester
  • Book:
    The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 May 2004, pp 545-671

  • Summary

    Introductions to the subject

    Engineers and their profession

    J.D. Kemper and B.R. Sanders 5th edn, Oxford University Press, 2001, 346pp. $39.95. ISBN 0195120574.

    Highly rewarding introduction based on the US environment. Very useful chapter The branches of engineering with quite detailed descriptions, as well as much other good background information. An ideal place to start for someone relatively unfamiliar with engineering's theories, practices, problems and prospects.

    Introduction to engineering ethics

    R. Schinzinger and M.W. Martin McGraw-Hill, 1999, 272pp. $42.50. ISBN 0072339594.

    In line with the guidelines of the US ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, provides an overview suitable as background within engineering courses. Six chapters: Professionalism; Moral reasoning and ethical theories; Engineering as social experimentation; Commitment to safety; Workplace responsibilities and rights; Global issues.

    Dictionaries, thesauri, classifications

    Dictionary of engineering

    2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, 2003, 642pp. $19.95. ISBN 0071410503.

    Derived from the MCGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS.

    The dictionary of engineering acronyms and abbreviations

    U. Erb and H. Keller 2nd edn, Neal-Schuman, 1994, 878pp. $149.95. ISBN 1555701299.

    65,000 terms: more than twice the first edition.

    Elsevier's dictionary of engineering

    M. Bignami Elsevier, 2004, 1300pp. £196.50. ISBN 0444514678.

    In English/American, German, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese/Brazilian. Contains terms for 14 main subject areas, described as: Architectural engineering and buildings; Civil engineering; Engineering; Geology; Geotechnical engineering; Hydraulics; Hydrogeology; Hydrology; Mechanical Engineering; Mechanics; Mining Engineering; Petroleum engineering; Science and technics; Surveying.

    Laws, standards, codes

    Deutsches Institut für Normung

    See entry no. 32

    Official & quasi-official bodies

    Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology [USA]

    www.abet.org

    ‘In the United States, accreditation is used to assure quality in educational institutions and programs. Accreditation is a voluntary, non-governmental process of peer review. It requires an educational institution or program to meet certain, defined standards or criteria. Accreditation is sometimes confused with certification. In general, institutions and programs are accredited, and individuals are certified.’

    Four disciplinary areas are covered by ABET; Engineering; Engineering technology; Computing (including Information systems); Applied science (Health physics; Industrial hygiene; Industrial management; Safety; Surveying).

  • Science, Technology & Medicine: Generic Resources

  • from SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE: GENERIC RESOURCES
  • Edited by Ray Lester
  • Book:
    The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 May 2004, pp 3-44

  • Summary

    Introductions to the subject

    Information: the new language of science

    H.C. Von Baeyer Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, 192pp. Originally published 2003, £7.99. ISBN 0753817829.

    ‘Today we live in the information age. Wherever we look it surrounds us, and with the help of ever more efficient devices, from the internet through to mobile phones, we are producing, exchanging and harnessing more than ever before. But information does far more than define our modern age – at a fundamental level it defines the material world itself, for it is through its mediating role that we gain all our knowledge, and everything derives its function, existence and meaning from it.

    In twenty-five short chapters, von Baeyer takes us from the birth of the concept of information and its basic language, the bit, through to the coal-face of contemporary physics and beyond relativity; black holes; randomness; abstraction – explaining why it has the power to become the most fundamental concept in physics – as fundamental as mass and energy.’

    ‘A sense of wonder is an essential prerequisite to an appreciation of the discoveries of science, and wonderment is the emotion that will be most pleasantly evoked in the reader of this book.’ (Times Higher Education Supplement)

    The Oxford companion to the history of modern science

    J.L. Heilbron [et al.], eds Oxford University Press, 2003, 941pp. £67.00. ISBN 0195112296.

    Outstanding introduction – not just to ‘science’, but also to large parts of ‘technology’ and ‘medicine’. Perhaps most useful for those new to this arena are the entries relating to ‘The Body of Knowledge’: Epistemology and methodology; Cross-cutting concepts; Major subject divisions; Minor subject divisions; Theoretical constructs – with each article written in an approachable manner, stressing naturally the history, and appended with a short bibliography.

    Supplementing these entries for the ‘basic’ sciences are the ones for the ‘applied’ sciences.

    But there are also considerable numbers of discussions relating to the historiography of science, the organization and diffusion of science, the apparatus and instruments it uses, as well as about 100 biographies of key current and past scientists.

    Finally, there is a good Further Reading section, and a comprehensive Index.

  • Biological Sciences

  • from SCIENCE
  • Edited by Ray Lester
  • Book:
    The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 May 2004, pp 229-335

  • Summary

    Introductions to the subject

    Biology: the unity and diversity of life

    C. Starr and R. Taggart 10th edn, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, 933pp. Includes CD-ROM and access to INFOTRAC, $120.95. ISBN 0534274137.

    www.info.brookscole.com/starr10 [COMPANION]

    Good undergraduate textbook covering all areas of the biological sciences. Introduction followed by seven parts: Principles of cellular life; Principles of inheritance; Principles of evolution; Evolution and biodiversity; Plant structure and function; Animal structure and function; Ecology and behaviour. Glossary; Subject and Application indexes. Accompanying website includes links to related sites, quizzes, tutorials.

    Calculus for biology and medicine

    C. Neuhauser 2nd edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004, 822pp. $128.00. ISBN 0131234412.

    Written exclusively for students in the biological and medical sciences showing throughout how calculus can help understand phenomena in nature.

    1st edn 2000.

    Experimenting with humans and animals: from Galen to animal rights

    A. Guerrini Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, 165pp. $18.95. ISBN 0801871972.

    Seven chapters: Bodies of evidence; Animals, machines, and morals; Disrupting God's plan; Cruelty and kindliness; The microbe hunters; Polio and primates; Conclusion: Human rights, animal rights, and the conduct of science.

    Series: Johns Hopkins Introductory Studies in the History of Science.

    Five kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth

    L. Margulis and K.V. Schwartz See entry no. 2848

    A history of molecular biology (Histoire de la biologie moléculaire)

    M. Morange Harvard University Press, 1998, 336pp. Translated by Matthew Cobb, $22.95. ISBN 0674001699.

    21 chapters in three parts: The birth of molecular biology; The development of molecular biology; The expansion of molecular biology. Appendix gives definition of terms. Well written – and well translated – volume. Good, rather different, introduction to this arena.

    ‘Well-researched and clearly written … Morange is critical of the triumphalist and reductionist claims of molecular biology, and ends the book by reflecting on its place in the life sciences. Writing from Paris, he is able to stand back from the orthodox story with its focus on ‘les Anglo-Saxons’, giving credit to others such as Nobel prize-winners André Lwoff, Jacques Monod and François Jacob.’ (New Scientist)

    Human molecular biology: an introduction to the molecular language of health and disease R.J. Epstein See entry no. 3570

  • 7 - Using ICT to support the project

  • from Part 2 - The project life cycle, systems and processes
  • Barbara Allan
  • Book:
    Project Management
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    18 May 2004, pp 108-126

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The aim of this chapter is to explore the use of information and communications technology (ICT) to support project management. As a result of reading this chapter, readers will have an overview of the diverse range of virtual communication tools and their use in supporting the project management process. In addition the chapter explores the project management software that is often used to plan, monitor and help manage the project information process.

    Virtual communications

    It is hard to imagine working in the library and information world without access to electronic communication tools such as e-mail and discussion lists. Virtual communication tools are widely used in libraries as a means of communicating with their users, providing an important channel for many information workers to communicate with their colleagues and also network both across the profession and with other professions. In today's fast-paced work environment virtual communication tools are essential for enabling project communication processes to take place in a timely manner. This section is an updated and rewritten version of an earlier work by the author (Allan, 2002).

    The types of virtual communication tools most commonly used in projects include e-mail, mailing lists, bulletin boards, webforms, polling, instant messaging, chat or conferencing, internet telephony and videoconferencing. These can be divided into two main types:

  • • Asynchronous tools. These enable project workers to communicate at a time that suits them. Individuals post a message that is held by the system. This message can be read and responded to as and when the recipient comes online. Asynchronous communications take place over time rather than at the same time.

  • • Synchronous tools. These enable people to communicate when they log on to the same system at the same time, i.e. they are immediate and live communications. However, unlike face-to-face communications, a transcript or record of the communication process is available in most systems.

    • E-mail

    E-mails are an essential tool for keeping in touch with project team members, funders, stakeholders and others. In large projects it is worthwhile spending a little time thinking about how e-mail will be used as there can be a danger that individuals will suffer from information overload. Some projects manage their virtual communications by using closed mailing lists (see below) or group communication software tools (see below) rather than simple e-mails.

Page 295 of 302