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Book 18 cannot be fully understood without a wider knowledge of the Iliad. Nevertheless, some of the book’s qualities may be outlined in general terms before considering the characters and themes in a wider context. Those who originally divided the poem into books or ‘rhapsodies’ were not without some aesthetic perception, in particular of the design of the plot and the pace of the action.2 The book opens with a change of scene: after a long narrative of noisy and crowded battle over the body of Patroclus we turn to the solitary figure of Achilles, sitting by the ships and unaware of the recent events. It ends with another change of scene, from Olympus to the Greek camp; the transition from book 18 to book 19 also coincides with the dawning of the last great day of combat in the poem.