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38649 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1360 of 1933

  • 20 - Substance-related and addictive disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 229-242

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Substance-related disorders

    There are two groups of substance-related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013): substance-induced disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Substance-induced disorders include intoxication, withdrawal, and substance-induced mental disorders. SUDs are problematic symptoms that occur when individuals continue to use substances, despite experiencing impairment or distress. Substance-related disorders are listed separately for each of the 11 substance groups (alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, phencyclidine, other hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other substances). The DSM-5 combines the categories of abuse and dependence into the single disorder of SUD with mild, moderate, and severe subclassifications based on the number of criteria met. Anyone meeting any two of the 11 criteria during the same 12-month period receives a SUD diagnosis. The criteria also include a remission specifier (in early remission, in sustained remission, on maintenance therapy, in a controlled environment).

    Behavioural addictions

    Behavioural addictions, which are characterised by impairment of control rather than physiological dependence, may involve gambling, internet use, video games, shopping, exercise, work, eating, and sex. Behavioural addiction is not included as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5 due to insufficient evidence to establish diagnostic criteria and course descriptions. However, gambling disorder, which was formerly an impulse control disorder known as pathological gambling, is now included as a substance-related and addictive disorder. Gambling disorder is defined as persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. The diagnosis requires endorsement of five of nine criteria within the previous 12 months and includes specifiers for course (episodic, persistent), remission (early, sustained) and current severity (mild, moderate, severe). Moreover, internet gaming disorder (IGD) is included as a condition for further study. IGD is defined as repetitive use of internet-based games, often with other players, which leads to significant issues with functioning. The DSM-5 requires endorsement of five of nine criteria within the previous 12 months and includes current severity specifiers (mild, moderate, and severe).

    Australia

    Substance-related disorders

    A national survey by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2014) indicates tobacco use in Australia has steadily declined since 1993; by 2013, 60% of individuals reported they had never smoked. Nearly 80% (78.3%) reported having consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months, with men (82%) reporting higher rates of alcohol consumption than women (76%).

  • 16 - Feeding and eating disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 175-188

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Feeding and eating disorders involve disturbed eating and eating-related behaviour, altered food consumption and absorption, and impaired physical and psychosocial health and wellbeing. Feeding and eating disorders include pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa (AN); bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), and unspecified feeding or eating disorders (USFED).

    Specific changes to eating disorder diagnoses from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 include revised diagnostic criteria for AN and BN, recognition of BED, and inclusion of descriptors of OSFEDs and USFEDs. The other major change is the inclusion of ARFID (previously feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood), pica, and rumination disorder; diagnoses that were previously listed under “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence” not retained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

  • • AN is characterised by persistent energy restriction, fear of weight gain or persistent behaviours that interfere with weight gain, and disturbed self-perceived weight and shape. Specifiers include restricting type (weight loss achieved via dieting, fasting, and excessive exercise, without recurrent binging or purging) or binge eating/purging type (recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging), in partial or full remission, and severity based on body mass index (BMI) criteria. The DSM-5 changes to diagnostic criteria include removing the term “refusal” in relation to maintaining normal body weight (Criteria A) and requiring amenorrhea (Criteria D).

  • • BN is characterised by recurrent binge eating episodes, inappropriate compensatory behaviours, and overvaluation of weight and shape. Specifiers include in partial or full remission and severity is based on frequency of compensatory behaviours.

  • • BED is characterised by recurrent binge eating episodes which involve eating a large amount of food and experiencing lack of control. Specifiers include in partial or full remission and severity is based on frequency of binge eating.

  • • ARFID is characterised by avoidance or restriction of food intake resulting in failure to meet nutritional and/or energy requirements. There has been refinement of diagnostic criteria from the previous name of feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood. Rumination is characterised by the repeated regurgitation of food after eating, the re-chewed food may be spat out or re-swallowed. Only one of the above diagnoses can be made during a single episode.

  • 6 - Indigenous and bicultural resources

  • from Section II - Cultural diversity and resources
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 54-56

  • Summary

    In 2007 I guest edited a special issue on Indigenous counselling for the journal Counselling, Psychotherapy and Health published by the Australian Counselling Association. This followed the publication of a scholarly review I conducted on Indigenous mental health and substance abuse in 2006 (Pelling, 2006a, 2007). I am, nonetheless, not an expert on Indigenous Australian psychology and recognise my limitations in this area. If competence in any applied area relates to knowledge, self and other awareness, and skill, then I must admit that I am lacking in competence in these important Australian psychological foci (Pelling, 2006b) and similarly am lacking in terms of bicultural New Zealand (NZ) competence.

    However, I have worked with Dwayne Kennedy and Joseph Randolph Bowers to ensure that the current edition of this handbook provides a framework for relating to Australian Indigenous psychology and counselling. Additionally, there are international sources of published information on both Indigenous and bicultural issues relevant to abnormal psychology. Indigenous issues are a focus of the Inter-Agency Support Group (IASG) of the United Nations (UN) and information can be found through the UN main page for those interested in supporting and promoting the mandate of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues within the UN forum (UN, 2016).

    Related to Australian psychology, the Australian Psychological Society (APS) has an interest group focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Psychology (2016). This APS interest group makes available resources and publications as well as online training. Similarly, the Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association (AIPA) has published various papers including a discussion paper relating to the determinants of Indigenous social and emotional wellbeing (Kelly et al., 2010). Another author in the area of Indigenous psychology is Victoria Hovane (2015). The AIPA provides leadership on issues related to the social and emotional wellbeing and mental health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia and offers cultural competence workshops (AIPA, 2015, 2016).

    Bicultural NZ psychological information can be found through the New Zealand Psychological Society (NZPsS). The NZPsS has bicultural articles published by year in the New Zealand Journal of Psychology, thus highlighting the importance of bicultural psychology in NZ.

  • 10 - High-Energy QCD

  • T. William Donnelly, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Joseph A. Formaggio, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Barry R. Holstein, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Richard G. Milner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bernd Surrow, Temple University, Philadelphia
  • Book:
    Foundations of Nuclear and Particle Physics
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 240-274

  • Summary

    Introduction

    In Chapter 5, the non-Abelian SU(3)color gauge theory, QCD, was developed as the fundamental theory of the strong force in the Standard Model. Quantum chromodynamics describes hadrons as consisting of pointlike electrically charged quarks bound via color forces by the exchange of gluons. In Chapters 7, 8, and 9, lepton scattering has been used to great effect to image the nucleon at distance scales from several fm to 0.001 fm. We have interpreted these data in terms of QCD and have come to understand that the nucleon is a highly relativistic system of light quarks and massless gluons with tremendously strong forces at play. The measured momentum distributions of the quarks and gluons in the nucleon are characterized by a large rise at low x which reflects the fact that the virtual particles of QCD are playing a dominant role. By contrast, the virtual particles of QED play only a minor role in understanding the structure of the atom. Thus, understanding the structure and properties of the nucleon in terms of QCD drives experiments to high energies where the dominant, virtual particles at low x can be accessed and studied.

    As the collision energy increases, regions of progressively higher gluon and sea quark density are probed. However, the density of gluons inside a nucleon, which dominate over the sea quarks, must eventually saturate to avoid untamed growth in the strength of the nucleon–nucleon cross section, which would violate the principle of unitarity. Thus far, this saturated gluon density regime has not been observed. In addition, the understanding of basic properties of the nucleon, e.g., the origin of its spin-1/2, as well as fundamental processes or hadronization that connects the experimental world of hadrons with the quarks and gluons of QCD, demand measurements at high energies. Further, it should be noted that high-energy DIS data on nuclei are sparse and characterized typically by low precision.

    To frame the discussion in this chapter, a number of important questions can be formulated [EIC12]:

  • • How are the sea quarks and gluons, and their spins, distributed in space and momentum inside the nucleon? How are these quark and gluon distributions correlated with overall nucleon properties, such as spin direction?

  • 15 - Dissociative disorders and somatic symptoms and related disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 154-174

  • Summary

    Dissociative disorders

    Integrating what we see, hear, smell, taste, touch, feel, think, and do into a relatively unified experience is essential for our functioning. Integrating these different psychological, physiological, and behavioural aspects into a web of interacting memories, feelings, and actions fosters a more continuous sense of self (i.e., integration of the personality) and assists smooth and flexible interactions with the self, the environment, and other people. Dissociative disorders are characterised by a failure of this capacity. They are founded in dissociation, a disruption in the ability to bring together aspects of an experience or personality.

    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) contains three discrete dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia (DA); depersonalisation/derealisation disorder (DRD); and dissociative identity disorder (DID). There are also two broader categories with less discrete and specific criteria: other specific dissociative disorder (OSDD) and unspecified dissociative disorder (USDD). They are used when someone experiences debilitating symptoms that do not meet the previous discrete diagnoses. The core feature of DA (DSM-5 and ICD shared code F44.0) is the inability to recall information laid down in memory (i.e., encoded) about events one has experienced (e.g., autobiographical). This so-called reversible autobiographical memory loss is more serious and distressing than ordinary forgetfulness and is not caused by neurological injury or substance intoxication. The non-retrieved material is typically stressful in nature, such as the central details of being involved in a car accident where a loved one is killed. The person with DA typically has no problems learning new material or engaging in new or previously learned tasks. Amnesia may be localised, relating to a specific time period in the person's life in which they have little or selective memory (selective amnesia), or more rarely generalised, in which the person has a complete loss of memory for their life history. This total loss is experienced as one-half of the symptom profile for what is called dissociative fugue. Dissociative fugue is a subtype of DA. In addition to generalised amnesia for one's own identity (e.g., losing awareness of one's name, age, and history) it involves purposeful travel away from one's home or work, or wandering in a bewildered daze.

  • 3 - Abnormal psychology overview

  • from Section I - Rationale, structure, and overview
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 6-8

  • Summary

    Defining abnormality

    Abnormality can be defined in a number of ways. However, in terms of psychological difficulties the term “abnormality,” or “psychopathology,” generally refers to a problematic pattern of thought, feeling, and/or behaviour that disrupts one's sense of wellness or functioning either socially or occupationally. A mental or psychological disorder involves a recognisable set of symptoms and signs that cause distress to the individual involved and impair their functioning (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2015). The psychopathological signs and symptoms presented by an individual are “recognisable” when compared with various classification systems and thus are used to make a diagnosis.

    There are two main classifications systems used to make mental health related diagnoses: the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (5th ed.; DSM-5; 2013) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 2010 Edition (ICD-10) (World Health Organisation, 2011). An examination of the pros and cons of both classifications is beyond the scope of this handbook. Therefore, the DSM-5 will simply be described in terms of structure and use as this is the classification system that was focused on when structuring this handbook.

    DSM-5 overview

    The DSM-5 is the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in use and outlines recognisable sets of symptoms and signs that distress individuals and impair their functioning, most often focused on for treatment and support. The DSM-5 itself presents material in sections, including background regarding the development of the DSM-5, with the bulk of material being related to the diagnostic criteria for the various disorders.

    The DSM-5 provides applied clinicians with an organising framework as well as a common language regarding signs and symptoms and thus diagnoses that can assist communication and assist and guide research and treatment. The information presented in the DSM-5 includes how various cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioural signs and symptoms cluster together in the diagnoses described. The use of a diagnosis thus creates a shared understanding with other practitioners familiar with the diagnostic classification system used. Therefore, communication between practitioners is made more efficient.

  • 23 - Paraphilic disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 266-275

  • Summary

    Introduction: paraphilias and paraphilic disorders

    A distinctive feature of paraphilic disorders is that they are diagnosed largely in forensic settings. Indeed, paraphilic disorders are related to criminal activity to varying degrees, depending on the particular disorder. For example, acting on paedophilic sexual arousal results in criminal sexual activity with children, whereas fetishistic sexual arousal may result in sexual behaviour between consenting adults. However, fetishism may also involve criminal activity; for example, stealing feminine articles of clothing.

    Atypical patterns of sexual arousal have been familiar to practitioners of psychiatry and psychology since Richard von Krafft-Ebing's landmark work Psychopathia Sexualis in the late 19th century. The European psychiatrist described numerous cases of fetishism, sadism, masochism, and other sexual behaviour. Atypical sexual arousal was known as sexual deviation in the second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-II), but the term paraphilia replaced it in subsequent editions. The current edition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), retains the term “paraphilia,” but introduces the additional term of “paraphilic disorder.”

    With the intent of reducing stigma associated with atypical sexual arousal, the DSM-5 defines the term “paraphilia” as an intense, persistent sexual interest other than in genital stimulation or preparatory sexual fondling with physically mature, consenting human partners. In itself, this would not constitute a disorder. However, a paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that is accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment. Therefore, the DSM-5's paraphilic disorders require two criteria to be met for a diagnosis. Criterion A is the paraphilia component, which requires an atypical focus of sexual arousal and an arousal pattern that is recurrent, intense, and persists for a minimum of 6 months. Criterion B is a harm component, which requires the presence of distress, impairment in functioning, or the involvement of non-consenting persons. Some paraphilic disorders include a third criterion which is specific to that paraphilia.

    The DSM-5 lists eight specific paraphilic disorders: voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, frotteuristic, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, paedophilic, fetishistic, and transvestic. There are two additional residual disorder categories: other specified paraphilic disorder and unspecified paraphilic disorder.

  • 11 - Wireless LAN and WiMAX

  • Mainak Chowdhury, Arumita Biswas
  • Book:
    Wireless Communication
    Published online:
    21 July 2025
    Print publication:
    16 January 2017, pp 388-407

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Ever since the days of radio, wireless technology has been growing and has simplified the mode of data communication and information sharing. WLAN is another advance in technology adding to this vast and growing family of wireless technologies. As the same suggests, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) helps in creating wireless networks among a group of similar devices. These devices can be computers operating with different operating systems or even peripherals of a computer. What can be done using a wired connection can be done similarly using wireless technology and gives to the user of this technology freedom to roam around whether he is in office or at home.

    WLANs are based on the IEEE802.11 technology standard. To be more exact,WLAN is the industrial name given to this standard which generally works on layer 1 (physical) and layer 2 (data link) of the OSI protocol stack using different modulation schemes at the physical layer and various protocols for the data link layer. The same will be discussed later in this chapter. As the frequency of communication in a WLAN system is very high, the carrier waves can even penetrate a wall of concrete and this adds to the flexibility of using this technology instead of wired technology. However, there are many challenges to this technology too such as collision of frames and the hidden terminal problem. When more than two systems come into the network, we will see, further in the chapter, how it works and the difficulties associated with it.

  • 5 - Antenna Basics

  • Mainak Chowdhury, Arumita Biswas
  • Book:
    Wireless Communication
    Published online:
    21 July 2025
    Print publication:
    16 January 2017, pp 192-220

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Wireless communication systems use radio waves for exchanging information between two entities. Antenna thus becomes an important component in a wireless system because this entity can convert RF signals over a guided medium into electromagnetic waves (or radio waves). Owing to the reciprocity characteristics exhibited by all antennas, the reverse conversion also occurs in it. This enables the wireless system to transmit and receive signals using the same antenna. Figure 5.1 illustrates a block representation of a wireless communication system comprising a transmitter, feed line, Tx antenna at the sending end and Rx antenna, feed line, receiver system at the other end.

    IEEE standard 145–1983 defines antenna as ‘that part of transmitting or receiving system which is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic wave’. They are based on the basic principle that accelerated or de-accelerated charge produces radiation.

    Now-a-days, infinite varieties of antennas have been developed. Every antenna works over a narrow band of frequency for which it is designed; hence, depending upon the spectrum allotted and the requirement of each wireless system, the antenna geometry and type differs. In this chapter, the radiation principle that governs the antenna's functionality and modes of electromagnetic wave propagation will be explained before taking on topics like basic antenna parameters and families of antenna. The later part of this chapter will explain practical antenna design requirements. Finally, smart antenna and its operation principle will be explained.

  • 12 - Satellite Communication

  • Mainak Chowdhury, Arumita Biswas
  • Book:
    Wireless Communication
    Published online:
    21 July 2025
    Print publication:
    16 January 2017, pp 408-438

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Satellite communication systems have enabled efficient global coverage by facilitating communication between user terminals on earth using artificial satellites placed in space. Huge effort has gone behind the implementation and advancement of this technology. The unique advantages offered by this system have resulted in making them an integral part of today's wireless era with applications ranging from weather forecasting to radio broadcasting and from military applications to personal location tracking. Milestones in the development of satellite communications are tabulated in Table 12.1.

    Artificial satellites are launched and placed in space such that they revolve round the earth in a fixed designated path and in a particular orientation. Earth stations are installed and any station which falls in the coverage of the satellite can communicate with it using two separate frequencies for either-way communication. Figure 12.1 shows two satellites in space communicating with earth stations present in their coverage. The path and orientation of a satellite in space may vary due to many external forces. Stabilization methods are employed to get over this challenge. In the following sections, the basics of satellite communication will be discussed with a focus on topics like frequency allocation, satellite and earth station components, orbital elements, variants of satellites, laws governing satellite motion, stabilization techniques and factors causing adverse effects on performance. The chapter concludes by explaining the working principle behind the Global Positioning System.

  • 1 - Overview of Wireless Communication Systems

  • Mainak Chowdhury, Arumita Biswas
  • Book:
    Wireless Communication
    Published online:
    21 July 2025
    Print publication:
    16 January 2017, pp 1-34

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Communication industry is one of the fastest growing industries with several researchers contributing to make it more efficient with every passing day. Guglielmo Marconi‘s demonstration of radio telegraphy in 1897 can be regarded as the beginning of the wireless revolution. Since then, wireless systems have been advancing at a very high rate. Owing to the multiple advantages provided by these systems, the customer base is increasing exponentially.

    Wireless communication can be implemented using different technologies. Some of the popular choices are infrared and radio frequency. Infrared technology is implemented by transmitting infrared light as a diffused beam or direct beam. For high data rate and effective performance, direct Line Of Sight (LOS) transmission is desirable. Although, this technology is simple, relatively secure and cheap, it is suitable for short-range wireless solutions. Radio frequency technology, on the other hand, is frequently employed for large-range solutions. Popular examples of systems using this technology are mobile communication standards like GSM, cordless phone standards like DECT, satellite communication and so on. Although, radio signals can cover a larger distance, penetrate through obstacles like walls to provide indoor solutions, they suffer from the major problem of security and interference.

    In the following sections, the advantages and challenges of wireless communication will be highlighted. The functional blocks that make up the transmitter and receiver entities will be explained. Since, wireless communication entities attached to different systems can co-exist, frequency allotment must be done carefully to prevent excessive interference. Different frequency allotment techniques will be explained and finally, popularly employed wireless communication systems will be introduced with their standards.

Page 1360 of 1933