Technology has become central to both the personal and social aspects of our lives. In the classroom, digital literacy is the pupils’ ability to discern quality sources and evaluate the appropriateness of online content as it relates to the task or activity they are undertaking, while respecting the intellectual property rights of the content owners. The chapter discusses online safety and the use of social media in a considerate and respectful manner, and examines what these issues mean for the student teacher in a modern foreign languages classroom. In addition, it looks at the benefits of technology in modern foreign languages learning and teaching, and highlights important caveats and common pitfalls.

This chapter highlights the knowledge required to work with diverse students who communicate using the different varieties of English that exist in Australia. In line with the ‘Language variation and change’ sub-strand of the Australian Curriculum: English, we discuss linguistic and cultural diversity through the concept of plurilingualism, and the transcultural and sociolinguistic competence and knowledge required by teachers working with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) learners. We highlight the challenges and rewards associated with instructing students from varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds. We also stress the crucial role teachers play in nurturing learners of English as an additional language or dialect (EAL/D) students.

Understanding the causes of intrastate armed conflict and civil wars – whether as individual cases or in a more general sense – is the most compelling but perhaps also the most elusive challenge in the study of such conflicts. In this field, causal relationships are complex and difficult to establish beyond doubt, and discrete direct causes rarely exist. This chapter explores the methodological challenges that arise when seeking to identify direct or indirect causes of civil wars, in particular across multiple cases. It presents key theories of civil war onset in relation to political, economic, social, institutional, ecological, identity, and governance conditions. It gives particular attention to “greed” and “grievance” as key concepts for understanding why intrastate armed conflicts occur, the association between democratization and increased risk of violent conflict, and the concept of “ethnic conflict” as a cause of civil war. The question of whether it is more helpful to focus on enabling factors – the conditions that allow violent uprisings to occur – or motivations for participating in armed conflict to understand the causes of civil war is also discussed. The chapter concludes by considering the implications these debates raise for policies designed to prevent violent conflict and build sustainable peace.

Spoken language consists of a complex system of sounds that infants first learn to perceive and produce through social interaction in their linguistic community. This initial exposure before school is critical in preparing them for school, where they learn to encode their spoken language into written language. Once children can sufficiently speak and understand most language at around the age of five, it becomes the role of educators, and parents/care providers to assist them in the development of their explicit phonological awareness. Phonological awareness, which refers to the broad understanding of the sound structure of language, plays a critical role in the development of reading and writing. For instance, before children can effectively start learning to read, they need to develop an awareness of the sound structure of words, including syllables, rhymes and individual speech sounds called phonemes, as well as the ability to segment and blend phonemes.

In this chapter, we present two important and related problems in data analysis: the low-rank approximation and principal component analysis (PCA), both based on singular value decomposition. First, we consider the low-rank approximation problem for mappings between two vector spaces. Next we specialize on the low-rank approximation problem for matrices in both induced norm and the Frobenius norm, which are of independent interest for applications. Then we consider PCA. These results are also useful in machine learning. Furthermore, as an extension of the ideas and methods, we present a study of some related matrix nearness problems.

Consolidate what you learned in Chapters 7–10; revisit the ideas you came across in Chapters 7–10 in a cross-cultural context.

The concept of circulation is presented, including the physical and mathematical concepts of circulation and lift. A description of how potential flow theory is used to model flow for airfoils, including the predictions of lift. Readers are presented with the concept of the Kutta condition, including how it impacts the development of airfoil theory. Thin-airfoil theory is developed for symmetric and cambered airfoils and methods for prediction lift and pitching moment are presented. The accuracy and limitations of thin-airfoil theory is also presented. Descriptions are presented for why laminar flow airfoils have different geometries than airfoils used at higher Reynolds numbers. Finally, high-lift systems are discussed, including why they are important for aircraft design.

The chapter will begin with the five characteristics that distinguish hypersonic flow from supersonic flow and then discuss each of the characteristics. Analysis methods will then be discussed, including Newtonian and Modified Newtonian methods, as well as tangent wedge and tangent cone methods. Analysis techniques are developed to determine the flow characteristics in the region of the stagnation point of a hypersonic vehicle, as well as the lift, drag, and pitch moment for simple geometries at hypersonic speeds. Information on the importance of heating at hypersonic speeds will be presented, followed by analysis approaches for estimating heating rates on blunt bodies. Finally, the complexities of hypersonic boundary-layer transition are introduced, including details about why transition is so challenging to predict.

Basic concepts are presented to show the difference between airfoils and wings, as well as the physical processes that cause those differences, such as wing-tip vortices. A physical description is presented for the impact of wing-tip vortices on the flow around the airfoil sections that make up a wing, and lift-line theory is developed to predict the effects of wing-tip vortices. A general description and calculation methods are presented for the basic approach and usefulness of panel methods and vortex lattice methods. A physical description for how delta wings produce lift and drag is also presented, including the importance of strakes and leading-edge extensions. High angle of attack aerodynamics is discussed, including the physical mechanisms that cause vortex asymmetry. Unmanned aerial vehicles and aerodynamic design issues are discussed. Finally, basic propeller theory and analysis approaches are introduced, including the use of propeller data to design low-speed propellers.

In contemporary Australian society, the word ‘quality’ is ever-present in professional and political discussions about early childhood education. Educators and families are told that ‘quality is important’; curriculum documents, such as Australia’s Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF), aim to enhance quality; services are rated for the quality of education and care that they deliver; and governments regulate service conditions and provisions in order to facilitate the provision of high quality practice. Together, these social, professional and political structures communicate a strong message that quality matters for young children’s learning and wellbeing.