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38670 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1521 of 1934

  • 2 - What states want

  • Andrew H. Kydd, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book:
    International Relations Theory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    29 January 2015, pp 11-35

  • Summary

    International relations is primarily concerned with the actions of states, understood as organizations that exercise a near monopoly of large-scale force within certain territories. Other actors are also important, such as individuals, interest groups, firms, and international organizations. Domestic political actors such as lobbying groups can affect foreign policy by advocating for protectionism, and international actors such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) can affect international events by providing information on states's nuclear programs. However, most of these actors affect international relations indirectly by influencing the behavior of states, so state behavior remains of paramount importance.

    States are so important because their behavior affects us all. When a state attacks another state, thousands or even millions may die. When states lower their trade barriers, import competing firms go out of business and workers at those firms lose their jobs, while consumers are able to purchase a broader variety of imported products at a lower cost. The field of international relations is, therefore, mainly interested in explaining state behavior.

    How do we explain state behavior? The approach I will take to this question is to assume that states have certain goals or preferences, and seek to attain them through their actions. That is, states act instrumentally to achieve certain ends. While this approach is not the only one, it has proven to be a very fruitful way of looking at the subject. It situates international relations within the broader rational choice paradigm shared with economics and political science.

    This chapter will, therefore, focus on the fundamentals of the rationalist approach as it applies to international relations, the actors, and their preferences. I will define what it means for a state to be rational, and consider what the logic of consequences implies for state choice. I will discuss the theory of preferences, expected utility theory, how states can be differentiated in various ways by their preferences, how states can be thought of as unitary actors, and what states have preferences over, or what they want.

  • Chapter 6 - Learning for all

  • Lorraine Graham, Jeanette Berman, Massey University, Auckland, Anne Bellert, Southern Cross University, Australia
  • Book:
    Sustainable Learning
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    15 January 2015, pp 137-167

  • Summary

    Intended learning outcomes

    Engagement with the text in this chapter will enable readers to do the following:

  • utilise the ATRiUM capabilities to focus on the strengths and needs of individual students when planning and implementing responsive teaching for effective learning

  • explain the limitations of using labels to categorise the learning needs of students with disabilities or learning difficulties and understand that responsive teachers focus on learning, not labels, in order to best provide learning for all

  • describe key aspects of some major disability categories and identify capabilities on which to focus when planning learning support for students with disabilities or learning difficulties

  • reflect on how collaboration with families and systematic frameworks for intervention inform and support responsive teaching

  • distinguish how key strategies and instructional approaches support teaching for learning for all

    • Big ideas

  • In learning for all, responsive teachers strive to provide teaching and learning that meet the needs of all learners. This requires insight into the needs of all students in the class and knowledge about evidence-based strategies and approaches to teaching.

  • All learners have similar fundamental learning needs, yet every learner is different. These differences matter, especially in terms of planned, responsive teaching and effective learning.

  • By viewing students with disabilities or learning difficulties through the lens of ATRiUM capabilities, teachers can gain valuable insights that provide important information for teaching and learning.

  • Although knowing about disability categories may provide teachers with useful information about student learning, an overt focus on disabilities or learning difficulties can lead teachers to view students in terms of what they can’t do rather than what they can do.

  • Collaboration with the families of students with disabilities or learning difficulties facilitates information-sharing that is beneficial to all.

  • Early intervention is predicated upon the assumption that providing timely, appropriate support for learning can reduce the impact of disability, with long-term benefits for individuals, their families and their communities.

  • Research has validated some key instructional approaches that lead to improved learning outcomes for students with disabilities or learning difficulties. Combining direct instruction and strategy instruction is a fundamentally effective approach for supporting learning for all.

  • Chapter 1 - Introduction to sustainable learning

  • Lorraine Graham, Jeanette Berman, Massey University, Auckland, Anne Bellert, Southern Cross University, Australia
  • Book:
    Sustainable Learning
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    15 January 2015, pp 1-21

  • Summary

    Intended learning outcomes

    Engagement with the text in this chapter will enable readers to do the following:

  • understand the framework of this book and its overall focus on sustainable learning as a way of bringing together inclusive teaching and learning practices in contemporary classrooms

  • delineate important concepts associated with special and inclusive education and effective teaching and understand how these are related through sustainable learning

  • be familiar with key terms used in this text and understand their derivation

  • understand how relevant legislative frameworks apply to educators’ responsibilities and education provision to students with disabilities or learning difficulties

    • Big ideas

  • Sustainable learning is learning for all, teaching that matters and learning that lasts. Its foundation is effective classroom practice, and its goal is to provide for the learning needs of all students throughout their school years and into lifelong learning.

  • Effective teaching occurs within a series of nested frameworks. Legislative frameworks define teacher responsibilities.

  • Teaching for sustainable learning pays attention to students’ cultures and their relationships with places, families and communities. Such teaching is responsible, relevant and intentional and focuses on the key capabilities of human performance.

  • The key capabilities of human performance can be summarised using the acronym ATRiUM, which stands for Active learning; Thinking; Relating to others; Using language, symbols and information and communication technology (ICT); and Managing self.

  • Foreword

  • Lorraine Graham, Jeanette Berman, Massey University, Auckland, Anne Bellert, Southern Cross University, Australia
  • Book:
    Sustainable Learning
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    15 January 2015, pp vii-viii

  • Summary

    The adjective ‘sustainable’ is perhaps one of the most important words we can apply in the field of contemporary education. For more than fifty years I have argued strongly for the use of sustainable teaching practices that will bring about optimum and enduring learning in all our students. Underpinning my argument is a firm belief that sustainable learning can only be achieved through effective and sustainable teaching. In addition, sustainable learning can only be achieved if the school curriculum and the methods of instruction are compatible with, and relevant for, the culture and society in which the students grow as members. This book has addressed both these aspects in a very constructive and practical way.

    Sustainable learning is evident when students feel good and confident about the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that they have acquired, and can apply them effectively and build upon them as they continue to learn across the life span. A particularly strong perspective that Lorraine, Jeanette and Anne have all presented here is that sustainable learning is essential for an individual’s future life in an everchanging world. They eloquently argue this point when they remind us in chapter 3 that students in our classrooms today will still be active and infl uential in the 2070s. For these students, and all others who come after them, sustainable learning is an essential attribute for adaptive living in the years ahead.

  • Chapter 7 - Teaching that matters

  • Lorraine Graham, Jeanette Berman, Massey University, Auckland, Anne Bellert, Southern Cross University, Australia
  • Book:
    Sustainable Learning
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    15 January 2015, pp 168-201

  • Summary

    Intended learning outcomes

    Engagement with the text in this chapter will enable readers to do the following:

  • describe the kind of teaching that is effective for students in inclusive classrooms

  • understand the organisation and actions involved in differentiating instruction and making educational adjustments

  • define and discuss the 10 essential skills that guide differentiated instruction for teaching that matters

    • Big ideas

  • Teaching that matters recognises that although all learners have similar types of learning needs, every learner is different. These differences matter in terms of effective teaching.

  • Whole-school and classroom approaches should be coordinated to support the most effective teaching that matters.

  • Differentiated instruction can be implemented in a simple but systematic way.

  • Using pre-testing and post-testing to inform inclusive planning and differentiating instruction gives teachers more information to use in tailoring instruction.

  • Planning instruction is important because differentiation should be considered in terms of intended learning outcomes.

  • The simplicity principle means that differentiated instruction should occur only when necessary. It is important to maintain realistically high expectations for all students’ performance.

  • Evidence-based practices that underpin teaching provide ways in which to address problems in literacy, numeracy and other areas experienced by students with disabilities or learning difficulties.

    • Introduction

    Sustainable learning depends on teaching that matters. This chapter builds on the content of chapter 6 to focus on the differentiation of instruction in inclusive classrooms. With a growing evidence base of effective teaching practices available from websites like the What Works Clearinghouse (n.d.), the BES (Iterative Best Evidence Synthesis) Programme (Education Counts, n.d.) and Scootle (2014), teachers have an ever-expanding choice of effective strategies to utilise when learners need a different way to master a lesson’s learning intentions.

Page 1521 of 1934