Psychologists and others have long debated the moral consequences of religious identification, religious belief, spirituality, and religious ritual adherence. Many enlightened luminaries have been disquieted by fears of how people might act in a world without the strictures of God and religion. This chapter reviews data on how people around the world see morality and its linkage to religion. The chapter also considers theory and research on why people might want to act morally in the first place. One problem concerns defining just what people mean by moral character, a question explored from various angles. Moral psychology has developed as an important field, but one that frequently treats religious variables as an afterthought. Still, moral psychology is essential to understanding the development of values inside and outside religion and a large section of this chapter reviews relevant research and theory. The chapter also examines empirical studies of the connection between various measures of religiousness and generosity, charity, honesty, lawfulness, sexual propriety, sobriety, racial tolerance, open-mindedness, and other aspects of prosocial behavior.

This chapter provides an overview of dissemination and implementation science, which focuses on how clinical interventions can be effectively employed with various client populations in various settings. It reviews some of the ways – other than the one-to-one in-person format – that mental health care can be delivered, including in groups, couples, and families. It also describes advances in technology-delivered services, the increasing role of non-specialist providers in delivering mental health care around the world, and community-based efforts to prevent mental health problems. It concludes with a discussion of self-help and complementary integrative techniques, highlighting the broad range of methods available to deliver mental health services and the need to consider a wider range of delivery models to help reduce the global gap between treatment needs and treatment availability.

Computers have always mixed with art and music. Even in the earliest days of computing, when machines were the size of entire rooms, artists and composers began to harness them to create original works that could only exist in the digital realm. “Generative art” or “algorithmic art” is a term for works created according to a process that evolves with no or limited guidance from a human creator. Rather than directly making choices, the artist instead focuses on the design and initialization of a system that produces the final work. The appeal of algorithmic art lies in its combination of detail, technical complexity, and variation. Generative art frequently incorporates ideas from biology, physics, and mathematics.

This chapter describes families of relationship- and emotion-focused therapies, whose members include psychoanalytic, psychodynamic and humanistic treatments. It begins with Freud’s traditional psychoanalysis, which stresses the need for clients to develop insight into their primitive drives, unconscious conflicts, and patterns of relating. It next covers other psychodynamic approaches that share ideas with traditional psychoanalysis, including interpersonal therapy. It also describes humanistic treatments, including person-centered, Gestalt, and existential therapies, all of which emphasize each client’s unique way of experiencing the world. Psychodynamic and humanistic treatments are considered relational approaches because they place strong emphasis on the role of the therapeutic relationship in treatment. The chapter also describes other treatments such as motivational interviewing and emotion-focused therapy that emphasize the role of emotion and interpersonal relationships in helping clients overcome psychological problems.

The most basic and most widely used form of mapping binary information to a physical transmit signal and back is digital pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM). As the name suggests, here the information is carried in the (complex-valued) amplitude of a basic pulse. We deal with real-valued and complex-valued amplitude coefficients in a unified manner. Thus, all kinds of baseband (amplitude-shift keying (ASK)) and carrier-modulated (quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase-shift keying (PSK)) signal formats are included in the concept of PAM. PAM is the simplest form of digital modulation but establishes the basis for enhanced variants discussed in subsequent chapters. In this chapter, the focus is on modulation and demodulation operations. As, in a first approach, no channel coding is considered, modulation reduces to a symbol-by-symbol mapping of blocks of binary source symbols to signal points and detection at the receiver side can also be performed symbol by symbol. Strategies for optimum signal detection and conditions for continuous transmission of sequences of symbols without intersymbol interference (ISI) over non-dispersive channels are precisely developed.