Chapter 3 focuses on the fundamental engineering principles used to design and deploy modern wireless communication systems. The assignment of radio channels in a mobile radio environment is presented, with considerations on co-channel and adjacent channel interference, and the approaches used to mitigate interference in a cellphone system. Repeaters, cell-splitting, micro-cells, and picocells are discussed, and trunking theory is introduced to demonstrate how capacity is computed in a mobile network with shared resources and in the face of interference.

Chapter 2 covers the early global cellphone and paging standards, and demonstrates the technical features of the first few generations of wireless communications technologies for both mobile and fixed use. The use of licensed and unlicensed bands is discussed, with a look at the global evolution of wireless standards.

Chapter 4treats the fundamentals of radio propagation path loss, also known as large-scale fading. A wide range of practical radio propagation models are presented, and the fundamental theories of reflection, scattering, and diffraction are presented with many examples. These propagation mechanisms give rise to level of coverage and interference experienced in any wireless network, and, in urban environments, it is shown how the radar cross-section and ray tracing models can give accurate prediction of large-scale path loss in a mobile communication system. Shadowing is also considered, and the log-normal distribution is found to describe the shadowing about the distance-dependent mean signal level. Statistical approaches to quantifying outage are provided.

Although the vast majority of mobile robotic systems involve a single robot operating alone in its environment, a growing number of researchers are considering the challenges and potential advantages of having a group of robots cooperate in order to complete some required task. For some specific robotic tasks, such as exploring an unknown planet [374], search and rescue [812], pushing objects [608], [513], [687], [821], or cleaning up toxic waste [609], it has been suggested that rather than send one very complex robot to perform the task it would more effective to send a number of smaller, simpler robots. Such a collection of robots is sometimes described as a swarm [81], a colony [255], or a collective [436], or the robots may be said to exhibit cooperative behavior [607].

Robots in fiction seem to be able to engage in complex planning tasks with little or no difficulty. For example, in the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL is capable of long-range plans and reasoning about the effects and consequences of his actions [167]. It is indeed fortunate that fictional autonomous systems can be presented without having to specify how such devices represent and reason about their environment. Unfortunately, real autonomous systems often make explicit internal representations and mechanisms for reasoning about them.

Anyone who has had to move about in the dark recognizes the importance of vision to human navigation. Tasks that are fraught with difficulty and danger in the dark become straightforward when the lights are on. Given that humans seem to navigate effortlessly with vision, it seems natural to consider vision as a sensor for mobile robots. Visual sensing has many desirable potential features, including that it is passive and has high resolution and a long range.

Chapter 10 highlights the evolution of the circuit-switched telephone network to the all-digital cellular network. The details of the world's most popular switching network during the growth phase of the wireless industry, System Switching number 7 (SS7) is described in detail, and the introduction and use of asychronous packet switching and the X.25 protocol in the wireless network are demonstrated.The networking architectures for the first, second, and third generations of global cellular networks (e.g., 1G, 2G, and 3G) are presented. Examples of early paging and mobile network architectures are also presented, to clearly illustrate the evolutionary nature of digital packet data within the global cellular network architecture.

Traditionally, brain development was assumed to begin post-birth, detached from sensory experiences. However, recent revelations challenge this notion, demonstrating that infants respond to sensory stimuli before birth. This chapter explores early sensory development in infants, starting in the womb. We investigate the evolution of attention in infants, encompassing its various forms and developmental trajectories. Attention plays a pivotal role in their engagement with the environment. Subsequently, we delve into perceptual learning, highlighting infants innate ability to discern patterns and create expectations. Our focus turns to auditory and visual processing, elucidating how infants perceive and interpret their surroundings. We dissect the neural mechanisms underpinning visual processing, with a special emphasis on face recognition as a model for perceptual learning and adaptability. Finally, we explore multisensory integration in infants, revealing how diverse sensory modalities develop in harmony, shaping their perception of the worlds patterns. This chapter unravels the intricate journey of sensory development in infants, illuminating the bedrock of their perceptual world.

In this chapter, we delve into the intriguing world of memory development, from infancy to adulthood. We begin by emphasizing the fundamental role memory plays in learning. We explore two distinct memory systems: one we are conscious of and another that operates behind the scenes. We examine various memory types, their testing methods, and the brain regions responsible for them. Our focus then shifts to episodic memory, questioning its exclusivity to humans. We dissect the brain structures involved in memory formation and their developmental changes. Additionally, we explore the interconnectedness of memory, thinking processes, and decision-making. Our goal in this chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of memory development across different life stages, laying the groundwork for a deeper grasp of this intricate cognitive process.

Chapter 5 focuses on judicial assistance for arbitration and the importance of a court’ oversight role. Courts have resources, such as coercive powers, that tribunals lack. These powers enable courts to enter orders and impose penalties on parties who fail to comply. Additionally, courts play an important oversight role to ensure that arbitration adheres to minimum standards of fairness and due process. The chapter discusses the various ways that parties may seek court assistance, including asking the court to enforce an agreement to arbitrate, compel arbitration or rule on jurisdictional issues. Courts can also provide emergency relief such as orders to maintain the status quo, attach assets, or secure costs to preserve the effectiveness of the arbitration process. Although the extent of judicial review varies among jurisdictions, in most jurisdictions, courts and tribunals have concurrent jurisdiction to grant interim measures. in general, parties may seek provisional measures from a court before the tribunal is constituted, but once the tribunal is in place, they may need the tribunal’s authorization to seek court relief, or may only seek court relief in exceptional cases.