We have completed our discussion of the drag force, where the term “drag” has been used to represent the force on a particle that is in the direction of ambient flow as seen in a frame of reference attached to the particle (i.e., drag is the force component along the direction of relative velocity). But there are many situations where the force on the particle is not only directed along the ambient flow, but also has a component that is perpendicular to the direction of ambient flow. In this case, the particle not only experiences a “drag” force, but also is subjected to a “lift” force.

The EU’s equal opportunities policy prohibits discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation and age. The Directives prohibit direct and indirect discrimination as well as harassment. The Court of Justice has played an important role in shaping quality law. Drawing on the Charter of Fundamental Rights, it has indicated that non-discrimination is a general principle of EU Law, but the precise effect of this over and above the degree of protection offered by the equality Directives is not clear. Moreover, the Court is called upon to shape the scope of equality law and balance the prohibition against discrimination with other legitimate policies. Beyond conferring rights to workers, the EU has extended gender and race discrimination to other spheres, like the provision of services and education. Efforts to develop a policy of substantive equality have led to mixed results: positive discrimination is allowed only in limited circumstances, there are significant differences in the capacity of national equality bodies to offer support to victims of discrimination and mainstreaming equality in EU Law has been patchy.

This chapter considers EU data protection law, most notably Regulation 2016/679, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR governs the processing of data that identifies an individual or makes her identifiable. It sets out circumstances when the process is lawful. The most notable of these is that the individual consented to it; processing is necessary to perform a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority; or the data is required for the pursuit of a party’s legitimate interests unless the fundamental rights of the individual overrides these interests. Individuals have a number of rights in respect of their personal data. These include the right to information about it and to access it, and to rectify inaccurate or incomplete personal data. Arguably, most contentiously, the individual can have the data erased if she withdraws her consent or the data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which it was processed. This right must be balanced against other interests, most notably the freedom of others to expression and information.

A diplomatic mission is an organization like no other. Its members live and work away from home, and the line between their professional and personal lives is blurred to an extent most outsiders do not fully understand or appreciate. In the average workplace, a supervisor is not concerned with what employees do at home. That is not the case in a diplomatic mission. Its staff is a community, and excessive drinking, a nasty divorce, threats of violence or a suicide is not just one family’s problem. It affects the section in which that person works, and often the entire mission. The chief of mission has not only authority over almost everyone at post, but also responsibility for their security and well-being. So managing such a workplace is a unique and daunting task, made even more difficult by being in a foreign country.

The solar heating of buildings, the solar heating of water and solar thermal electricity generation are discussed. The importance of solar energy in determining the temperature of buildings is emphasized. The circuit representation of low-temperature heat transfer is used to estimate the heat loss and solar gain in buildings. The use of degree-days to predict the long-term performance of a building is illustrated and the behaviour of glass in capturing solar energy is described. The principles of solar water heating using a flat-plate or evacuated-tube solar collector is shown and the performance of a flat-plate solar collector is analysed. The use of selective absorber surfaces to improve the performance of a solar thermal system is discussed. High-temperature concentrated solar thermal systems are described with particular applications for electricity generation. Parabolic trough and Fresnel lens linear collectors are described as well as solar power tower schemes. The chapter is supported by 4 examples, 13 questions with answers and full solutions in the accompanying online material. Further reading and online resources are identified.

Collisions among particles, droplets, and bubbles and their growth through coagulation is vital in the understanding of many multiphase problems. Similarly, particles, droplets, and bubbles can also breakup into smaller fragments and daughter droplets and bubbles. For example, it is now well established that collisions and coagulation of droplets play a central role in the formation of precipitation-size raindrops in a cloud (Mason, 1969; Yau and Rogers, 1979; Sundaram and Collins, 1997; Shaw, 2003; Grabowski and Wang, 2013).

Diplomacy is a political performing art that informs and determines the decisions of other states and peoples. It shapes their perceptions and calculations, so that they do what we want them to do, because they come to see that doing so is in their own best interests. Sometimes diplomacy rearranges their appraisal of their strategic circumstances–and, when needed, the circumstances themselves. Ultimately, it aims to influence their policies and behavior through measures short of war. Diplomacy succeeds best when it embraces humility, and respects and preserves the dignity of those to whom it is applied. Most of what diplomats do is unseen, and it is relatively inexpensive. Diplomacy’s greatest triumphs tend to be preventing bad things from happening, but gaining credit for something that was avoided is difficult.

This chapter considers non-EU nationals. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides common policies on borders, immigration and international protection, albeit that there are special regimes for Denmark and Ireland. The Schengen Borders Code governs the treatment of non-EU nationals at external borders. However, it is supplanted for many non-EU nationals by out-of-area border controls such as visa policy, carrier liability regimes and interception of non-EU nationals out at sea. Immigration policy requires States to deport non-EU nationals who are irregularly present in the Union unless there are strong compassionate grounds. EU law grants significant social rights to two types of non-EU national and their families: the worker resident and the long-term resident. Those seeking international protection can make only one application in the EU, which, usually, has to be in the State where they first enter the EU. They have a right to remain within the State pending consideration of their application. During this time, they must be provided with housing, food, healthcare and education for minors. These benefits are sparse and contingent on the applicant complying with reporting and accommodation requirements.

The term “diplomatic cable” is used today to describe an official dispatch or message sent instantaneously via a dedicated computer system between headquarters and its diplomatic missions abroad. As with email, most governments have both classified and unclassified cable systems. Throughout their careers, diplomats–especially reporting officers–must make quick choices about how to provide their government with needed information. This involves the proper and efficient use of language, technology and format to reach the respective target audience. This chapter will try to give you a sense of how to do that, starting with how to convey information to your capital from abroad–in other words, how to report. We will show you how to structure, write, edit and distribute diplomatic cables. There are four general purposes for messages to be sent as diplomatic cables: reporting on events; reporting on meetings or démarches to a foreign government; influencing a decision or policy; and making explicit policy recommendations.

In this chapter we will discuss some of the numerical methodologies that are appropriate for particle-resolved simulations of multiphase flows. Our focus will be on PR-DNS, where all the flow scales of fluid motion are resolved along with the surface of the particles. PR-DNS simulations, however, come at a computational cost. The range of multiphase flow problems that can be simulated in a particle-resolved manner is limited. This limitation does not arise from the mathematical formulation. As discussed in Section 2.4, the mathematical formulation of PR-DNS is the easiest among all approaches to dispersed multiphase flows.

Article 45 and Article 49 provide for the free movement of workers and self-employed people, and the free movement of companies, throughout the EU. To overcome discrimination, legislation has been adopted addressing the rights of workers concerning matters such as tax, social advantages, languages, the mutual recognition of qualifications and requiring even private employers and social partners to treat all EU citizens equally. The case law goes even further than this, addressing all kinds of measures which discourage cross-border pursuit of an occupation, something which has had a great impact on professional football and its restrictive transfer rules. European company law has been similarly turned upside down by ruling in Centros that companies can choose their state of incorporation, a decision which led to the death of the real-seat theory of company law.

In Chapter 6, we discuss market versus government “failure” – contexts in which markets struggle to provide efficient outcomes and the prospective role of government (in its own struggles) to address market limitations (e.g., pollution). Given the significant dose of public policy throughout the book, we lay out various theories within political economy, modeling why agents in political markets do what they do – and then applying these theories to business practice.