Multiphase flow is a branch of fluid mechanics that has grown rapidly over the past few decades. The term phase in “multiphase” refers to the solid, liquid, or gaseous state of matter. Thus, a multiphase flow is one that involves more than one phase. Multiphase flow can be a gas–solid flow, as in the case of a sand storm or pneumatic transport of powder.

The second edition of this popular textbook has been extensively revised and brought up-to-date with new chapters addressing energy storage and off-grid systems. It provides a quantitative yet accessible overview of the renewable energy technologies that are essential for a net-zero carbon energy system. Covering wind, hydro, solar thermal, photovoltaic, ocean and bioenergy, the text is suitable for engineering undergraduates as well as graduate students from other numerate degrees. The technologies involved, background theory and how projects are developed, constructive and operated are described. Worked examples demonstrate the simple calculation techniques used and engage students by showing them how theory relates to real applications. Tutorial chapters provide background material supporting students from a range of disciplines, and there are over 150 end-of-chapter problems with answers. Online resources, restricted to instructors, provide additional material, including copies of the diagrams, full solutions to the problems and examples of extended exercises.

This chapter commences by looking at how the ideas of Europe and European Union have informed debates about the European Union. It then traces the history of the European Union since the Second World War. It considers how two ideas have been central to European integration. Intergovernmentalism emphasises the place of the national State within European integration, and sees it as the only arena serving as the locus for democracy. Supranationalism allows for political decision-makers that are not national ones, the overriding of the national veto and conceives democracy as something that can transcend the nation State. The chapter then looks at the current treaties which establish the European Union. The Treaty on European Union set outs its institutions, central values and foreign and defence policy. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union sets out its other policies. The chapter culminates by looking at the crises that have beset the Union in recent years: the sovereign debt crisis, Brexit, the crisis in liberal values, Covid-19 and, most recently, the crisis in Ukraine.

With increasing awareness that many commonly used medicines can adversely impact patient outcomes of dental procedures, it has become more important for dentists to ensure medications are appropriately managed perioperatively. Managing medicines taken by patients before and after their dental procedures is a common and sometimes confusing clinical problem. Traditionally, the responsibility for perioperative medication management has been deferred to the patient’s prescribing doctor. However, doctors are often unfamiliar with the physiological impacts of dental procedures and few have access to oral and dental prescribing guidelines. The prescriber can still be consulted, but dentists are encouraged to take a more active role in the clinical decision-making regarding medication management, especially since the dentist is responsible for the procedure itself. Medication management is also becoming more important due to the ever-growing list of medicines that can adversely impact on dental procedures. Medication-related risks include increased chance of perioperative bleeding, infection, impaired wound healing, diabetic ketoacidosis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Topical medications are those that are administered to the surface of the skin or on mucous membranes in the eye, ear, nose, mouth, vagina, etc. with the intent of containing the drug’s pharmacological effect to the superficial epithelial layers of skin or nearby structures (1). Drugs for topical application are usually available as creams, ointments, gels, lotions, sprays, powders, aerosols, mouth rinses and toothpastes. Topical administration provides a high local concentration of the drug, generally without significant exposure to the systemic circulation. However, absorption does occur and can lead to adverse effects. Absorption can be significant as the digestive processes in the gastrointestinal tract and liver that diminish drug absorption (the first pass effect) are avoided. Sometimes, systemic absorption from topical drug application is utilised for its therapeutic value.

Local anaesthetics are used to produce nerve blocks in a specific region of the body. The difference between anaesthesia and analgesia is that anaesthesia is defined by the loss of all sensation, whereas analgesia is the loss of pain sensation only. In dentistry, the main aim of using local anaesthetics is local analgesia; that is, to avoid pain while other sensory elements such as touch and proprioception remain intact.

An antimicrobial is defined as a drug that kills, prevents, or inhibits the growth of any type of microorganism (1). These drugs originate from a variety of sources, including microorganisms, plants, animals, and can be semi-synthetic or synthetic. Antimicrobials can be antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral (2). Strictly speaking, the term ‘antibiotic’ refers to an agent produced by a microorganism that kills another microorganism; it does not include synthetic substances (3). However, this specific meaning is often not emphasised in clinical practice. Therefore, in this book, the terms antibacterial and antibiotic will be used interchangeably.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a debilitating condition, characterised by non-healing bone, with subsequent chronic infection, pain and morbidity. While osteonecrosis of the jaw can occur spontaneously in healthy patients, it most commonly occurs in patients taking medications that affect bone turnover and is precipitated by an invasive procedure such as a dental extraction. Medications that increase MRONJ risk are commonly used in the Australian population, therefore awareness of their association with MRONJ is critical in dental practice. In 2015, approximately 470,000 Australians were dispensed a medication for osteoporosis on the PBS (1). Other bone diseases that require medical treatments include Paget’s disease, and cancers that metastasise to bone such as multiple myeloma, breast, and prostate cancer. Corticosteroids contribute to MRONJ risk and are frequently used in the Australian population for acute and chronic disease. Antiangiogenic drugs are increasingly in use not just for treatment of malignancy, but also post-transplant and for autoimmune disease.

Drugs are a part of everyday life and may be defined as any pharmacologically active substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease (1). Whether a drug is a conventional medicine, a herbal remedy, or the caffeine in your coffee, drugs are an integral part of human existence and have been since ancient times. Drugs may be synthetic in origin or naturally derived from plants, animals, or biotechnology. A ‘medicine’ is a drug product containing one or more drugs in a formulation administered for a therapeutic purpose.