Chapter 9 covers the role of sampling in inferential statistics and includes the following specific topics, among others: samples and populations, random samples, simple random sampling, sampling with and without replacement, sampling distributions, the sampling distribution of means, The central limit theorem, estimators and bias.

Chapter 12 covers an introduction to research design and includes the following specific topics, among others: descriptive, relational, and causal research studies, blocking, quasi-experimental designs, threats to internal validity, and threats to external validity.

In this chapter we discuss experiments in cavity QED and ion traps. We first discuss the nature of Rydberg atoms which are used in cavity QED experiments. The experimental realization of the Jaynes––Cummings model is discussed, as are the generation of Schrödinger-cat states in dispersive atom––field interactions in cavity QED. The quantum non-demolition measurement is discussed. The realization of the Jaynes––Cummings model in the context of trapped ions is discussed.

Chapter 5 covers the relationship between two variables and includes the following specific topics, among others: scatterplots, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, the point biserial correlation coefficient, the phi coefficient, and visual displays of bivariate relationships.

Chapter 2 covers univariate distributions and includes the following specific topics, among others: frequency and percent distribution tables, bar charts, pie charts, stem-and-leaf displays, histograms, line graphs, shape of a distribution, cumulative percent. Distributions, Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Boxplots.

Chapter 1 provides an introdution to the study of statistics and covers the following specific topics among others: statistical software in data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics, measurement of variables, and an introduction to the Stata software package.

In this chapter we first describe the experiments of Grangier et al., which gave clear evidence of anti-correlation effects and of the interference effects where only a single photon is involved. We then provide a fully quantum mechanical treatment of a lossless beam splitter. Interferometry with single photons is then treated fully quantum mechanically. Interaction-free measurement is then discussed, followed by interferometry with coherent states of light. Next, the SU(2) formulation of beam splitters and interferometers is discussed.

This chapter discusses the pharmaceutical industry, with specific attention given to the role of intellectual property and R&D. The chapter also explains (broadly) the process by which a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The key concept in the chapter is the tradeoff inherent in intellectual property protections: stronger protections spur more innovation but at the cost of higher prices for a longer period of time. On the other hand, weaker protections allow for more affordable products more quickly, but at the cost of reduced innovation. The end of chapter supplement explores the role of international trade agreements in solving research and development coordination problems.

This chapter covers managed care organizations (MCOs). The chapter begins by laying out the general game plan of a MCO: reduce ineffective medical spending so that you can offer the same health outcomes at a lower price. Then the broad organizational structure of common MCO types is discussed: HMOs, PPOs and POS type plans. Next, the chapter goes through various tools that MCOs use to try to achieve their goals: denial of payment, prior authorization, behavioral interventions, gatekeeper and second opinion programs, strategic manipulation of cost sharing, provider payment schemes, and choice of who to contract with for services. Finally, the patient tradeoff between cost of coverage and amount of red tape present is explored.