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This chapter explores the controversial topic of dispute settlement under international investment law, considering the much-maligned investor–state dispute settlement and its reforms, including the EU’s investment court system and alternative dispute settlement mechanisms.
This chapter considers the two forms of non-discrimination found in most investment treaties: national treatment and most favoured nation, exploring the main legal controversies with these concepts including the need to establish like circumstances of the foreign investor as compared to a local investor or other foreign investor under a different treaty.
The binomial or Cox–Ross–Rubinstein (CRR) model is a simple discrete model for the financial market. The advantage of this model is that it is simple enough that it can be implemented and analysed without advanced mathematics like stochastic integration or Itô calculus, yet it is complicated enough to reflect a financial market. In particular, it allows us to easily understand concepts like risk-neutral measures and hedging strategies.
In this chapter we will review the basic knowledge of continuous probability theory and stochastic processes. We will take a look at general probability spaces and random variables as well as convergence of random variables in Section 6.1. In Section 6.2, we will take a look at stochastic processes and in Section 6.3, we will look at filtrations and conditional expected values in the general situation. A reader having a good understanding of those concepts can skip this chapter.
In this chapter we introduce some basic notions from finance. We explain the assumptions on financial markets which will be used in the rest of the book, and define key concepts such as arbitrage.
This chapter examines the way in which compensation is assessed for the purposes of breaches of an investment treaty. It considers the Hull Formula of gauging compensation, which focuses on market value, and the competing Calvo Doctrine. The chapter also explores the difficulties associated with valuing assets and emerging issues in relation to claims of moral damages.
In this section we study a more general discrete model, of which the binomial model is a special case. This model is called the finite market model. As for the binomial model, we are interested in the arbitrage-free price of a contingent claim. To study this question, we introduced two important tools in Chapter 3.
Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities. This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services. The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.
Based on classic and cutting-edge research, this textbook shows how grammatical phenomena can best be taught to second language and bilingual learners. Bringing together second language research, linguistics, pedagogical grammar, and language teaching, it demonstrates how linguistic theory and second language acquisition findings optimize classroom intervention research. The book assumes a generative approach but covers intervention studies from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Each chapter describes relevant linguistic structures, discusses core challenges, summarizes research findings, and concludes with classroom and lab-based intervention studies. The authors provide tools to help to design linguistically informed intervention studies, including discussion questions, application questions, case studies, and sample interventions. Online resources feature lecture slides and intervention materials, with data analysis exercises, ensuring the content is clear and ready to use. Requiring no more than a basic course in linguistics, the material serves advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students studying applied linguistics, education, or language teaching.
Carefully structured and supported with a wealth of examples, Elise Muir provides a clear, concise introduction to the EU legal order. Drawing upon her years of teaching experience, Muir outlines the history of the EU, its key actors, modes of action and its daily relevance. Offering students and instructors an up-to-date textbook, Muir pays attention to the latest developments, including the impacts of Brexit and the Covid-19 crisis. Written for students from a range of disciplines and levels of study, this book explains how the EU legal order works. Muir illuminates the complex and technical areas of EU institutional law through explanatory illustrations, schemes, and textboxes. With this engaging and accessible resource, students will be well-equipped to understand the fundamentals and functioning of the EU legal order.