The nature of property rights and responsibilities has evolved to extend into spaces not previously considered part of property law, such as ocial, community and affordable housing.

Property law is potentially involved through the law governing freehold ownership, the general law governing commercial leases through head lease arrangements for public housing properties between government and CHO and residential tenancy legislation in relation to tenancies entered into by social housing tenants.

Regulation involves CHOs being regulated and made accountable for the use of public monies in supplying, managing and or owning public housing properties in the public interest and is now underpinned by the Community Housing Providers National Law (the National Law) and the National Regulatory System for Community Housing (NRSCH) . The registration system introduced through the NRSCH enhanced both accountability and professionalism in the community housing sector.

This chapter focuses on understanding social, community and affordable housing and the role property lawyers should play in this emerging and important sector involving a complicated distribution of rights and responsibilities.

Any consideration of property law must begin with the nature of property and how we should understand its conceptual underpinning.

The law is primarily a practical and pragmatic science directed to confronting and responding to practical issues and challenges in human affairs, dealings, and transactions. Many existing approaches to property law begin with an attempt to explain the conceptual contours of property and property law and to lay out its philosophical basis, proceeding to analyse these conceptual components and the law’s part in constructing the mosaic of property and its legal underpinnings. In the modern Australian context, this necessarily involves a detailed investigation and analysis of both myriad legislation and caselaw. While this strategy has stood the test of time and is reflected in the following chapters, this book seeks to position the discussion, explanation, and analysis within a context of two overarching themes. First, to explain and systematically integrate the effects and implications of technology upon property and property law. Second, to present a narrative which moves readers from property law principles to the practice of property law in all its applications.

The law and practice relating to the Crown (or state) lands of Australia is often a topic not well covered in a student’s journey through property law. Yet, Crown lands legislation dealing with the alienation and management of the lands of the Crown has been a feature of the legislative framework of the various Australian jurisdictions since their respective creations.Given that some such interests or rights authorised under the various legislation may rarely be granted or exist only in small numbers, this chapter focuses on some of the enduring principles of Crown lands law and practice.

This chapter discusses the key knowledge requirements or threads of Crown land law and practice that will give both student and practitioner a solid understanding of how to approach the complex legislation of the jurisdiction with its peculiar interests and rights; the public interest, modern land tenure, and Crown lands legislation; Crown lands legislation and Crown land; grants and the Crown’s general power to deal with Crown land; reservations and exceptions in Crown grants; interpreting a Crown grant; public purpose land

This guide is meant to direct the student through an inductive reading of Biblical Aramaic. For most effective use, consult the indicated sections of the textbook whenever they are mentioned, even if it seems repetitive. Repetition is the point.

Biblical Aramaic, as part of the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, is written with the same consonantal signs, vowel points, and cantillation marks as the Hebrew portions (§17), as well as having the same types of scribal annotation and marking (the Ketiv-Qere [§33] and other notes). Although the languages are different, there is no graphic differentiation between Hebrew and Aramaic in the Masoretic text.

The purpose of this chapter is to give readers a sense of the breadth of experimental applications in the social sciences. The chapter reviews lab, field, and survey experiments, as well as naturally-occurring experiments such as lotteries. Each type of experiment is illustrated by reviewing in detail an exemplary study, drawing from experimental literature in psychology, development economics, health, and political science. Special attention is paid to the design choices that researchers made when recruiting subjects, measuring outcomes, and allocating subjects to experimental conditions. Discussion of each study includes the analysis of its main statistical findings. By showing how experiments are designed and analyzed, this chapter lays the groundwork for the practice experiment that readers will undertake in Chapter 6.

Word formation has two components: derivation and inflection. Derivation refers to the formation of the lexical base of nouns and verbs, and inflection refers to the addition of suffixes or prefixes to express gender, person, number and (in verbs) tense, aspect, and mood.

Discourse markers, or half-conjunctions, do not link two sentences together. Rather, they link a sentence to a preceding discourse, logically or temporally. They may be combined with וְ or precede subordinating conjunctions. In other contexts, they may serve as adverbs or as coordinating conjunctions. Unlike “full” coordinating conjunctions, they do not mark the B-clause of coordinated pairs.

Prepositions, by and large, stand outside of the three-consonant root system, although some triliteral nouns have developed into prepositions.

Aramaic is a language of central importance for the study of the ancient world, beginning from the early first millennium BCE up to the Islamic period and beyond. Aramaic stories are found in the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament), and Aramaic influence is felt in the Greek text of the New Testament. It was the language of Eastern Christianity for centuries, as well as a major language of Jewish literature (along with Hebrew) through most of the first millennium CE. It still survives as a spoken language in a few communities (and their diasporas) in parts of the Middle East.