In this chapter we very briefly overview and exemplify some of the other speech technologies out there. These include speaker identification, voice activity detection, diarization, language identification, and voice cloning.

This chapter examines the forms of naval warfare and the roles for naval forces today and into the future. It identifies that navies are likely to continue to be called on to operate within a complex and often contested security environment and that navies and other maritime agencies will fulfil military, diplomatic and constabulary roles, sometimes in cooperation with others and sometimes in competition. The chapter explores the impact of new technology and new techniques in the light of recent conflict and examines the impact of growing Sino–US naval rivalry. The chapter concludes by arguing that naval policy is best understood within a wider maritime context that reflects national priorities, meaning that there is no fixed template that dictates the naval policy of a particular state.

This chapter explores and explains the evolution of naval warfare from the age of sail through to the present day. It examines how tactics and technology have changed over time and discusses the impact this has had on wider maritime strategy. The chapter argues that, despite the very many changes that have occurred in the conduct of naval warfare, key continuities remain and these can best be understood with reference to the ideas and concepts introduced in Chapter 7. A variety of conflicts and engagements are discussed to illustrate the key developments from the Battle of Trafalgar through to the nuclear age.

This chapter surveys almost 170 years of historical practice of and writings on irregular warfare to stress several points. It provides an empirical basis for assessing current and future irregular warfare based on codified doctrine, including best practices and observations. From the American Revolutionary War to the Second World War, several key themes emerge, including the necessity of force, the counterproductive nature of brute force and the value of objective as opposed to subjective assessments of contextual conditions. In doing so, this chapter seeks to deflate some of the influence of ‘presentism’, a bias that suggests recent experiences are unique and indicative of the future of irregular warfare. In stressing historical continuity, it acknowledges continuous elements in irregular warfare while recognising context differences.

Chapter 1 establishes the foundational concepts of neuroimaging by exploring the complex relationship between brain structure and mental function. It traces the historical progression from ancient surgical approaches to modern noninvasive techniques, contextualizing how technological innovations have transformed our understanding of neural processes. The chapter examines the multiscale nature of brain investigation, from single-neuron recordings to population-level measurements, and evaluates the critical tradeoffs between spatial and temporal resolution across imaging modalities. Key neurophysiological principles underlying these technologies are introduced, including neuronal action potentials, hemodynamic responses, and the chemical processes that support neural activity. The text challenges common neuromyths while addressing fundamental questions about functional organization, from modular specialization to distributed network processing. By comparing the relative strengths and limitations of major neuroimaging tools (fMRI, EEG, MEG, PET, and TMS), the chapter provides an analytical framework for understanding how these methodologies collectively advance our ability to correlate brain activity with cognitive and behavioral processes, setting the stage for more detailed exploration in subsequent chapters.

Despite debates on the revolutionary impact of such concepts as blitzkrieg, modern land warfare has had a strong evolutionary dynamic. This chapter argues that modern tactics emerged during the First World War as a result of the need to cope with significant increases in firepower. Further, building on theories developed during the inter-war period, the concept of operational art emerged in practice during the Second World War as a means of connecting tactics to strategy. Modern system tactics and operational art remain at the heart of modern land warfare, although the latter, especially in terms of the idea of a distinct operational level of warfare, remains controversial.

This chapter gives an overview of the different aspects of speech in terms of articulation and acoustics. We focus in particular on how the speech signal can be decomposed in terms of frequency and time and how speech is represented on a computer.

This chapter tackles positron emission tomography (PET), a functional neuroimaging technique that revolutionized brain imaging in the 1970s by providing the first colorful maps of brain activity. Beginning with its historical development from Hans Berger’s early hemodynamic measurements to modern scanners, the chapter examines how PET visualizes metabolic processes by tracking radioactively labeled tracers in the bloodstream. Unlike structural imaging methods, PET detects gamma rays emitted when positrons from the radiotracer collide with electrons, allowing researchers to measure regional changes in blood flow, glucose metabolism, and neurotransmitter activity related to cognitive processes. The chapter details practical aspects of PET studies, including experimental design, data acquisition, image reconstruction techniques, and visualization methods like subtraction analysis for mapping task-related brain activity. While MRI-based techniques have supplanted PET for many cognitive neuroscience applications, PET remains invaluable for certain investigations due to its unique ability to label diverse compounds, particularly for studying neuropsychiatric disorders, neurotransmitter systems, and metabolic processes in diseases like Alzheimer’s and epilepsy.

This book focuses on modern warfare. It examines the conduct of war in its different environments and forms and provides an introduction to the issues, ideas, concepts, context and vocabulary necessary to develop an understanding of the subject. It is not a history book, although relevant historical examples are used throughout to illustrate the analysis. Rather, the book is designed to equip the reader with a sophisticated introduction to the concepts, issues and debates that will help them to understand current concerns and future possibilities and also to unpick past campaigns.

This chapter focuses on neural techniques for speech synthesis, reviewing a number of recent systems, for example Deep Voice, Tacotron, VoiceLoop, FastSpeech, Glow-TTS, and VITS. For most of these, we give implementations that students can use to try out the systems. Along the way, we discuss connectionist temporal classification (CTC), an important technique for both synthesis and recognition. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Coqui toolkit, which includes implementations for a number of these systems

Chapter 7 deals with neuroimaging methods for investigating the structural components underlying brain function. Beginning with lesion-symptom mapping (LSM), which identifies relationships between localized brain damage and specific cognitive deficits, the chapter examines how structural abnormalities correlate with functional impairments. Three primary approaches to measuring brain structures with MRI are discussed: structure tracing for hypothesis-driven volumetric analysis, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for whole-brain comparison of tissue concentration, and surface-based morphometry (SBM) for analyzing the cortical sheet’s unique properties including thickness, curvature, and gyrification. The chapter then explores diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a technique that visualizes white-matter tracts by measuring the anisotropic diffusion of water molecules along axon bundles. DTI tractography reveals the brain’s “highways,” short, intermediate, and long-range fiber pathways that connect functional modules within and across hemispheres. Together, these complementary techniques provide critical insights into the structural architecture supporting brain networks, offering a more complete understanding of brain organization when combined with functional imaging methods.