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Normality is a property that an extension may or may not have. Separability is different; most extensions of interest are separable, and we shall have to work hard to find examples of non-separable extensions.
Although we shall obtain further general results in Galois theory in the next chapter, Galois theory’s first intent is to throw light on the solution of polynomial equations. We now pause to see how the theory that we have developed so far relates to the solution of equations of low degree. In this chapter, we consider the solution of monic quadratic, cubic and quartic polynomial equations over a field 𝐾.
In an influential article written at the beginning of the century, Rabinder Singh QC called equality the ‘neglected virtue’ of our constitutional law. For what had become a much more diverse, multi-ethnic, society, this was a challenging characterisation; and so too in jurisprudential terms given that the right to be treated equally is a central tenet of modern liberalism. In Singh’s words, equality ‘could not be more important as a symbol of the kind of society we are’.
International society is not an unchanging entity, but is subject to the ebb and flow of political life. New states are created and old units fall away. New governments come into being within states in a manner contrary to declared constitutions whether or not accompanied by force. Insurgencies occur and belligerent administrations are established in areas of territory hitherto controlled by the legitimate government. Each of these events creates new facts and the question that recognition is concerned with revolves around the extent to which legal effects should flow from such occurrences. Each state will have to decide whether or not to recognise the particular eventuality and the kind of legal entity it should be accepted as.