Describe the development of imagination, creativity, and flexible thinking; understand how children express their creativity in their drawings, their imaginary worlds, and in what they are willing to believe; provide examples of how children’s imagination is grounded in their everyday experience.

Are civil conflicts driven by resource crises? Research suggests that the root of conflict, in part, is explained when analyzing how economic deprivation drives groups into turmoil. Resource ownership, especially when unevenly distributed, often leads to violence. Research remains divided, however, on which resources drive violence, and the precise mechanisms that are involved. While many scholars argue that inequality drives violence, there exist many other factors that can help to explain civil wars. Evidence in this chapter suggests that while oil dependence may trigger conflicts, the duration of conflict is heavily influenced by factors beyond resources alone. Contrarily, agricultural commodities lack significant ties to civil war onset or duration, challenging our understanding of deprivation on a country-specific basis. Conflict is inextricably tied to maintaining political order, which for resource-rich countries hinges on interacting factors that governance structures facilitate. Further analysis on these topics – like the greed, state capacity, and grievance frameworks – offers strong insights into why violence emerges, giving multiple avenues and case studies as evidence for explaining civil wars overall.

This chapter explores the value of the arts in the lives of very young children in early childhood education settings. It is hard to imagine a more joyful or rich opportunity for connection, expression and learning in early childhood than the arts. Humanity has always created art in a range of forms for a range of purposes and the youngest children are innately attracted to engage in music, dance, drama, and visual arts experiences.

Chapter 8 evaluates the challenge of SDG 2: Zero Hunger, which aims to meet the food needs of an increasing global population while safeguarding the food needs of the poor and promoting sustainable agricultural land use. The interaction between rural poverty, natural resource degradation, and food insecurity in developing countries is a vicious cycle. Increasing agricultural production to meet the rising global food demand is constrained by the limited availability of fertile agricultural land suitable for expansion. It requires significant increases in production per unit of agricultural land already in use rather than expanding the land under agricultural production. However, the high costs associated with agricultural intensification make increasing sustainable agricultural production a real challenge. Removing or re-orientating environmentally harmful subsidies in agriculture and identifying new and innovative policies to boost sustainable agricultural intensification is required, especially in developing countries with fragile and limited fertile agricultural land.

Chapter 7 explains the range of policy tools decision-makers can use to correct incentives for an oversupply of environmental “bads” and an undersupply of environmental “goods” in markets. There are two critical steps to address the underlying causes of environmental mismanagement. Step 1 involves removing existing policy distortions. Step 2 explains how policy options can be used to correct market failures and compares and contrasts these options. Market-based instruments provide incentives for producers and consumers to reduce or eliminate negative environmental externalities through markets, prices, and other economic means, e.g., Coase Bargaining solutions, cap and trade, taxes, and subsidies. Regulatory-based (command and control) instruments rely on setting a standard, such as emissions or technology adopted, backed by penalties to modify economic behavior. In the absence of government intervention to correct market failures, private sector measures, such as liability, information disclosure, and voluntary agreements, have a role in correcting environmental problems.

Identify different perspectives on child development; describe important features about how children grow, adapt, and change; illustrate what is unique about human childhood.

When reflecting on this book’s insights, a key question is highlighted: What is the prospect for effectively preventing and resolving armed intrastate conflicts globally? The threat of such conflict erupting remains a constant risk for policy-makers and researchers to investigate, and to prepare for constructive intervention. As discussed throughout this text, the challenges inherent to establishing effective peacekeeping policies and resolving intrastate conflict remain. Furthermore, this chapter addresses how areas of non-violent conflict, but high tension, threaten to escalate in the future. Is it possible to successfully intervene and to deescalate future intrastate violence? From the timing of intervention to international cooperation, the debates and critical lessons that we conclude with here will encourage thought-provoking discussions on formulating effective policies to prevent and end intrastate violence.

In this chapter, we exclusively consider vector spaces over the field of reals unless otherwise stated. First, we present a general discussion on bilinear and quadratic forms and their matrix representations. We also show how a symmetric bilinear form may be uniquely represented by a self-adjoint mapping. Then we establish the main spectrum theorem for self-adjoint mappings based on a proof of the existence of an eigenvalue using Calculus. Next we focus on characterizing the positive definiteness of self-adjoint mappings. After these we study the commutativity of self-adjoint mappings. As applications, we show the effectiveness of using self-adjoint mappings in computing the norm of a mapping between different spaces and in the formalism of least squares approximations.

Language use involves the activation of phonological, morphological, grammatical and lexical systems for meaning-making with other people in specific contexts. Therefore, we not only need to acquire and develop these linguistic systems for language use, but we also need to develop an awareness and understanding of these linguistic systems as meaning-making resources for appropriate use in a given context. For this reason, it is necessary to focus on the social use of language as a key aspect of language development.

In this chapter, we extend our study of linear algebraic structures to multilinear ones that have broad and profound applications beyond those covered by linear structures. First, we give some remarks on the rich applications of multilinear algebra and consider multilinear forms in a general setting as a starting point that directly generates bilinear forms already studied. Next, we specialize our discussion to consider tensors and their classifications. Then, we elaborate on symmetric and antisymmetric tensors and investigate their properties and characterizations. Finally, we discuss exterior algebras and the Hodge dual correspondence.

Readers will understand the physical laws that form the basis of the fluid equations of motion, and will learn how to obtain the equations of fluid motion in both derivative and integral form. Presentations are included to show how to apply the equations of motion to calculate properties of fluid flows. Readers will understand dynamic similarity and how to calculate Mach number and Reynolds number, including descriptions of the various Mach and Reynolds number regimes and their distinguishing characteristics.

In this chapter, we extend our study on real quadratic forms and self-adjoint mappings to the complex situation. We begin by a discussion on the complex version of bilinear forms and the Hermitian structures. We will relate the Hermitian structure of a bilinear form with representing it by a unique self-adjoint mapping. Then we establish the main spectrum theorem for self-adjoint mappings. Next we focus again on the positive definiteness of self-adjoint mappings. We explore the commutativity of self-adjoint mappings and apply it to obtain the main spectrum theorem for normal mappings. We also show how to use self-adjoint mappings to study a mapping between two spaces.

Technology has become central to both the personal and social aspects of our lives. In the classroom, digital literacy is the pupils’ ability to discern quality sources and evaluate the appropriateness of online content as it relates to the task or activity they are undertaking, while respecting the intellectual property rights of the content owners. The chapter discusses online safety and the use of social media in a considerate and respectful manner, and examines what these issues mean for the student teacher in a modern foreign languages classroom. In addition, it looks at the benefits of technology in modern foreign languages learning and teaching, and highlights important caveats and common pitfalls.