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In this chapter, the reader is given a survey of two basic approaches for statistical analysis, the quantitative approach focused on measures of effect size and confidence intervals, and the qualitative approach based on significance values and null hypothesis significance testing.
This chapter introduces the basic principles of experimental design, covering fundamental control groups,such as approaches of control for subject loss or for order of treatments.
Communication takes many forms. This chapter offers guidance for presenting work in a poster or talk, as well as for writing a research article for publication.
In this chapter, we turn to economic growth, meaning the long-run development of the economy over time. Previously, we have focused on the level of economic activity during a given period of time and on how that level is affected by changes in policies and other factors along with the price level, employment, and unemployment. Now we study how that level moves over long periods of time. Another way of saying this is that we are interested in the trend growth rate of economic activity.
In the previous chapters, we have discussed the short-run performance of the macroeconomy and the effects of monetary and fiscal policies in the short run. Now, we turn to the long run. This does not necessarily mean that we turn from monthly and quarterly time horizons to several years, although that is often the case. In the context of economic policies, short and long run are analytical concepts with no fixed analogy in time. The long run is the time horizon over which firms can vary all those things that lead to fixed costs in the short run, such as their stocks of capital, the location of their activities, and their production technologies. The long run is also the time horizon over which wages fully adjust to price level movements.
This chapter is all about a nation’s macroeconomy – it introduces the key concepts and indicators business managers, policymakers, and analysts look at and talk about when they describe the state of a nation’s economy and diagnose whether or not it is healthy, provides new business opportunities, or needs some policy intervention for improvement. To understand the macroeconomic environment you and your business operate in, you want to know the relevant terms, understand the concepts, and know what indicators to look at.