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This chapter examines the various schemes of how individuals can obtain legal advice and representation in Hong Kong. The chapter discusses the split legal profession in Hong Kong between barristers and solicitors and then focuses on legal aid and its various schemes and the schemes operated by the Duty Lawyer Service. Besides providing a descriptive account, this chapter also looks at the reforms that have been proposed with respect to legal aid, the challenges that litigants in persons (unrepresented litigants) may face and the problems that they may pose to the court system.
This chapter focuses on skills and techniques in finding the law. The accomplished lawyer might not necessarily know every legal principle in a particular area, but he or she would at least know how to find the law quickly and accurately. Tips and techniques on finding the law quickly in both hard copy and online databases is provided. The last part of this chapter offers a manual for legal citation. Consistent with the aim of this book, this chapter guides students in bestowing them with the skill set necessary to start their legal studies and subsequent legal careers.
A comprehensive introduction to both urban and geographical economics: the two dominant approaches used to explain the distribution of economic activity across space. This fully revised and up-to-date third edition gives a full account of the ever-expanding body of knowledge and insights on urban and geographical economics, with an increased emphasis on analytical concepts and empirical methods, reflecting developments in the literature since the last edition. The authors provide both state-of-the-art theories and empirics, introducing new data, methods and models for this edition, including a whole chapter dedicated to measurement issues and empirical methods. Written in a style that is accessible to students who are new to the field, this textbook also includes more advanced concepts that will interest experienced researchers. Unrivalled in its scope and depth, this title is perfect for readers seeking to understand the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity between and within countries.
For the Love of Language: An Introduction to Linguistics is an engaging introduction to human language and the role of linguistics in understanding its fundamental design, acquisition and functions. Replete with case studies and examples from Australia, New Zealand and around the world, this text offers a thorough introduction to core topics, including the structure and meaning of words, the systems that organise language, strategies for learning about language, the evolution of language and the function of language as a complex social resource. The second edition includes extensive new content across the entire text, including the areas of orthography, syntax, corpus linguistics, language acquisition and multilingualism. Each topic is accompanied by a wide array of pedagogical resources designed to consolidate student understanding, including examples and exercises. Each chapter ends with a research project, providing readers with an opportunity to build on fundamental skills and engage more thoroughly with each topic.
We present examples to show that people and economic activities are unevenly distributed across space. The variations in density result in strong agglomeration in some important centres. We briefly analyse urban development and illustrate ‘spikiness’ at different spatial scales (global regions, countries, provinces, and counties). We also show that the distribution across space is not random but often displays a remarkably stable and uniform pattern across time and for various levels of geographical aggregation. These observations suggest that similar spatial economic forces are relevant for explaining agglomeration and the regularities of distribution and interaction across space.
The organization of space within cities is mainly driven by spatial equilibrium forces. This chapter argues that a person who is indifferent about living in two locations within the city must derive the same net utility from these locations. This allows us to explain how rent costs decline away from the city centre as people need to be adequately compensated for higher transportation costs. We can extend the basic framework to incorporate the choice of different transport methods, changes in the slope of the rent gradient, the choice of the amount of land to use (and thus population density), building height, individual heterogeneity, the role of amenities, and observed segregation within the city.