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38613 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 947 of 1931

  • Preface

  • Sudha Goel
  • Book:
    Water and Wastewater Engineering
    Published online:
    11 August 2021
    Print publication:
    21 November 2019, pp xi-xii

  • Summary

    ‘Water and Wastewater Engineering’ is a core course in undergraduate programs in civil engineering. The course objective is to ensure that a student is able to evaluate different water resource options for their sustainability, quantity and quality, and to design appropriate municipal water supply and wastewater systems. These water supply systems will necessarily require sourcing of water, its collection, treatment and distribution. Wastewater generated within these systems has to be treated in treatment plants so that it can be reused or disposed of on land or in water bodies after achieving discharge standards. Wastewater reuse has become an extremely important topic these days due to severe water scarcity in many parts of the world, including India.

    This textbook covers all aspects of municipal water and wastewater systems and is designed for a one-semester course. Prior to designing water and wastewater treatment plants, it is necessary to identify and develop an appropriate water source. For this, the student must be familiar with different types of water resources: surface water and groundwater, and concepts related to their quantity and quality. These are covered in the first and second chapters of this book. Fundamental concepts from chemistry, microbiology, and chemical engineering are covered in the first part of the book (Chapters 3 and 4) as these are necessary for understanding water quality issues, and designing water and wastewater systems. The second part of the book includes the design of conventional water treatment plants with unit processes like aeration, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and disinfection; design of conventional wastewater treatment plants with unit processes like screening, sedimentation, biological processes, activated sludge process and trickling filters or biofilters, sludge treatment, and disposal; water distribution methods; wastewater collection, reuse, and disposal options; and non-conventional treatment strategies for removal of specific pollutants like fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, and natural organic matter.

    This textbook started as a spin-off of an online course of the same name. However, several topics that could not be covered in the online course are also included in the textbook. The text material has been expanded and the number of problems increased. Solutions to all problems are provided. Some of the problems will require the use of spreadsheets or other software for graphing and calculations.

  • 6 - Biological Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment

  • from Part II - Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
  • Sudha Goel
  • Book:
    Water and Wastewater Engineering
    Published online:
    11 August 2021
    Print publication:
    21 November 2019, pp 263-342

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • Estimate the quantity and quality of wastewater generated in a community

  • • Analyze variations in wastewater quantities, flow and quality and determine treatment requirements

  • • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of attached versus suspended biological growth processes

  • • Use available models and equations to design attached or suspended growth biological processes

  • • Analyze and design clarifiers for hindered and compression settling (for thickened sludge)

  • • Evaluate the extent and type of sludge management options available and applicable for a given water or wastewater

  • • Compare and contrast anaerobic versus aerobic digestion

  • • Analyze potential for energy recovery from wastewater

  • • Evaluate and design appropriate processes for sludge dewatering and disposal

  • • Describe conditions under which Type 3 and 4 settling takes place and how it can be modeled

  • • Design sludge thickeners for hindered and/or compression settling

  • • Explain the conditions under which anaerobic sludge digestion is an appropriate treatment process, i.e., pre-conditions

  • • List the different types of anaerobic digesters that can be used

  • • Explain the conditions under which aerobic digestion of sludge is more appropriate than anaerobic digestion

  • • Describe the need for sludge dewatering prior to disposal

  • • Describe the need for disinfection in water or wastewater treatment and design the process

  • • Evaluate the merits and demerits of different types of disinfectants

    • The main objective of wastewater treatment is to ensure that water resources to which wastewater is returned are not contaminated for downstream users and for future uses. Reasons for treating wastewater can be divided into two categories:

  • a. Public health concerns: Untreated wastewater can cause long-term contamination not only of water but also of soil, sediments and the biota that grows in contact with the contaminated water. Contaminated wastewater may contain pathogenic organisms and serve as a habitat for disease vectors like mosquitoes. Further, contamination of any parts of the food web can lead to bioaccumulation of contaminants in the tissue of organisms leading to various health problems such as cancers, reproductive and developmental defects.

  • b. Environmental concerns: There is growing awareness of the importance of maintaining and preserving ecosystems. Any activities that are detrimental to the health of these ecosystems, including discharge of untreated wastewater, are not acceptable. There are several other reasons for ensuring that wastewater discharged to land, water or sea is adequately treated.

  • 8 - Water Transport and Distribution Systems

  • from Part II - Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
  • Sudha Goel
  • Book:
    Water and Wastewater Engineering
    Published online:
    11 August 2021
    Print publication:
    21 November 2019, pp 382-396

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • Describe different types of conduits and conditions for their use

  • • Describe different types of distribution reservoirs and conditions for their use

  • • Design distribution networks

    • A major issue in the design of water supply schemes is the collection, transport and distribution of water from the source. Collection of water from different sources, i.e., surface water versus groundwater, will differ for obvious reasons and was covered in Chapter 1.

    The next major issue is the transport and distribution of water from the source or treatment plant to the community or service area. Different situations require different methods of transport and distribution. Distribution systems can be of three types: gravity, pumped or combined (Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous 1985).

    Gravity distribution systems: If the source is elevated with respect to the community then water can be supplied directly by gravity. Examples are highland lakes or reservoirs that are used as water sources for many cities around the world such as New York and Mumbai.

    Pumped distribution systems: If the source is at a lower elevation compared to the community or service area then it has to be pumped directly to the service area.

    Combined distribution systems: If the source is at a lower elevation compared to the community or service area, then water can be pumped and stored in surface or elevated distribution reservoirs in the service area or adjacent to the service area resulting in a combined distribution system where gravity and pressure are used. Toronto pumps water out of Lake Ontario, treats the water and stores it in underground reservoirs and elevated reservoirs (called water towers) for further distribution to the service area.

    Different types of distribution reservoirs can be built; they can be under-ground, over-ground or elevated. Water is then supplied from these distribution reservoirs to the community or to elevated storage reservoirs built within the community. Thus, combinations of direct gravity supply, pumped and/or elevated supplies are possible depending on the geography of the water source vis-à-vis the community. Definitional sketches of water supply conduits and service reservoirs are provided in Fair, Geyer, and Okun (1966).

    The last issue in water supply systems is the analysis of pipe flows and head losses through the distribution system. Hardy–Cross method for analysis of pipe flow in distribution networks is covered in the last section.

  • 4 - Mass Transfer and Transformation

  • from Part I - Concepts Related to Water
  • Sudha Goel
  • Book:
    Water and Wastewater Engineering
    Published online:
    11 August 2021
    Print publication:
    21 November 2019, pp 135-174

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • Analyze and quantify natural or engineered systems based on a mass balance approach

  • • Describe Brownian diffusion and the Stokes–Einstein equation for particle diffusion

  • • State Fick's first and second laws of diffusion for dissolved compounds

  • • Derive equations for different reaction orders including unknown reaction order

  • • Model or analyze the effect of environmental variables like temperature and pH on reactions and their kinetics

  • • Compare and contrast the different types of ideal reactors

  • • Describe the salient features of a batch reactor and derive a mass balance equation for it

  • • Describe the salient features of a CSTR and derive a mass balance equation for it

  • • Describe the salient features of a PFR and derive a mass balance equation for it

  • • Analyze pulse and step inputs of tracers to different types of reactors

  • • Determine average hydraulic residence times and dispersion numbers for the different types of reactors

  • • Use tracer data to model engineered and natural systems and predict their behavior/efficiency

  • • List and explain factors affecting growth of organisms including bacteria in nature or in the lab

  • • Determine bacterial growth rates for a specific set of conditions

  • • Describe different biochemical or metabolic pathways by which organisms derive energy for maintenance and creation of new biomass

  • • Derive equations for bacterial growth rates

    • A mass balance approach can be utilized for analyzing and quantifying the behavior of contaminants in any system: natural or engineered. Basic concepts of mass transfer and transformation can be applied to all processes including those in water and wastewater treatment, no matter how simple or complex they may be. Mass transfer and transformation are based on the laws of conservation of mass. The concept of applying mass balances to any system and using the steady-state simplification to predict system behavior is introduced in the first section. The concept of reactions or mass transformation and their application to chemical or biological reactions or transformations is dealt with in the second section of this chapter. Zero-, first-, second-, mixed-order reactions are defined in this unit. The third section includes definitions of the three basic types of ideal reactors and how their behaviors differ.

Cognitive Science
  • An Introduction to the Science of the Mind
  • 3rd edition
  • José Luis Bermúdez
  • Published online:
    20 November 2019
    Print publication:
    30 January 2020
  • The Third Edition of this popular and engaging text consolidates the interdisciplinary streams of cognitive science to present a unified narrative of cognitive science as a discipline in its own right. It teaches students to apply the techniques and theories of the cognitive scientist's 'toolkit' - the vast range of methods and tools that cognitive scientists use to study the mind. Thematically organized, Cognitive Science underscores the problems and solutions of cognitive science rather than more narrowly examining individually the subjects that contribute to it - psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and so on. The generous use of examples, illustrations, and applications demonstrates how theory is applied to unlock the mysteries of the human mind. Drawing upon cutting-edge research, the text has been substantially revised, with new material on Bayesian approaches to the mind and on deep learning. An extensive on-line set of resources is available to aid instructors and students alike. Sample syllabi show how the text can support a variety of courses, making it a highly flexible teaching and learning resource at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Instructor and student resources available at https://www.bermudezcogsci.com/

Macroeconomics for Business
  • The Manager's Way of Understanding the Global Economy
  • Lawrence S. Davidson, Andreas Hauskrecht, Jürgen von Hagen
  • Published online:
    20 November 2019
    Print publication:
    06 February 2020
  • Interpreting and applying macroeconomic analysis to the global economic environment and understanding the tools used to do so is fundamental to making good managerial decisions. Presuming no background in economic theory and prioritizing international application, this textbook introduces macroeconomics to business students. It explains how to understand domestic and global macroeconomic developments, policies, and data, and makes extensive use of case studies and data sets to present modern macroeconomics in a globalized world. Each chapter has several specific data exercises and practices as well as an international application focusing on the global perspective. By providing a host of international material, this book is useful for instructors and students around the globe.

Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
  • 2nd edition
  • B. Ronald Frost, Carol D. Frost
  • Published online:
    16 November 2019
    Print publication:
    10 October 2019
  • All Earth Science students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that produce igneous and metamorphic rocks. This concise introductory textbook provides students with the essential knowledge needed to understand how petrology relates to other topics in the geologic sciences, and has been written specifically for one-semester courses. Throughout, the emphasis is on interpreting the mineralogy and petrology of rock suites in terms of origin and environment, with the first half of the book concentrating on igneous rocks, and the second half on metamorphic rocks. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and brought completely up-to-date. It now includes a new chapter on the application of stable and radiogenic isotopes in petrology, introducing students to the concept of isotopic fractionation and describing the process of radioactive decay. The discussions of phase diagrams, connections between igneous and metamorphic rock suites, and convergent margin magmatism have also been expanded. There is a new glossary of terms, updated end-of-chapter exercises, and updated further readings.

Black Political Thought
  • From David Walker to the Present
  • Edited by Sherrow O. Pinder
  • Published online:
    16 November 2019
    Print publication:
    14 November 2019
  • In Black Political Thought: From David Walker to the Present, Sherrow O. Pinder has brought together the writings and discourses central to black political thought and African American politics, compiling a unique anthology of speeches and articles from over 150 years of African American history. Providing in-depth examinations and critical analyses of topics such as slavery, reconstruction, race and racism, black nationalism and black feminism - from a range of perspectives - students are equipped with a comprehensive and informative account of how these issues have fundamentally shaped and continue to shape black political thinking. Each of the six thematic parts is framed by an introduction written by black scholars working in the field, and a list of further readings. Individual chapters are then enhanced by end-of-chapter questions and author biographies. Written for the interdisciplinary field of black studies, and other social science and humanities disciplines, this textbook offers a unique resource for political scientists, sociologists, historians, feminists, and the general reader of black political thought.

Reversing Sail
  • A History of the African Diaspora
  • 2nd edition
  • Michael A. Gomez
  • Published online:
    14 November 2019
    Print publication:
    10 October 2019
  • Beginning with antiquity, Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora captures the essential political, cultural, social, and economic developments that shaped the black experience. In this second edition, Michael A. Gomez updates the text to include the most recent research on the African Diaspora. Continuing to pay particular attention to the lives of the working classes, the second edition expands its temporal boundaries to include developments into the twenty-first century, as well as integrating women and feminist perspectives more thoroughly. It also widens the geographical span to include Latin America, while incorporating more on African experiences in Europe, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf. Assessing the impact of religion, global trade, slavery and resistance, and the challenges of modernity, this edition further connects the experiences of Africans and their descendants over time and space, attending to both convergences and divergences, while explaining how the deep past informs subsequent developments.

Page 947 of 1931