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46 results

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  • 29 - Language Dominance Effects in the Phonetics and Phonology of Bilinguals

  • from Part VI - Variables and Outcomes of Bilingual Speech
  • Edited by Mark Amengual, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology
    Published online:
    14 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024, pp 655-676

  • Summary

    Researchers in bilingualism seek to identify factors that are associated with specific features of bilingual speech. One such predictive factor is language dominance, typically understood as the degree to which one of the languages of a bilingual is more often and more proficiently used. In this chapter we review landmark studies that demonstrate the power of language dominance in predicting fine-grained phonetic and phonological characteristics of speech production and on the perceptual and processing abilities in one or both languages of bilinguals. We then critically examine the construct of dominance and identify ways that dominance can be and has been measured, as well as challenges inherent in the measurement of dominance. We follow demonstrating the dynamic character of dominance by reviewing research on dominance switches and shifts. This is followed by a review of extant studies on language dominance in bilingual speech production, perception, and processing in both languages. We conclude with four areas where research can be fruitfully directed.

  • Introduction - Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology

  • Edited by Mark Amengual, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology
    Published online:
    14 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024, pp 1-20

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an introduction to the Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology, and emphasizes the interdisciplinarity of the scholarship included in the Handbook, which contributes to the diversity of approaches, to theory-building, and to the collaborative connections that are enhancing the field. The abstracts of each of the thirty-five chapters are also included and are followed by concluding remarks providing a roadmap for the future of research on bilingual phonetics and phonology.

The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology
  • Edited by Mark Amengual
  • Published online:
    14 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024
  • Bilingualism and the study of speech sounds are two of the largest areas of inquiry in linguistics. This Handbook sits at the intersection of these fields, providing a comprehensive overview of the most recent, cutting-edge work on the sound systems of adult and child bilinguals. Bringing together contributions from an international team of world-leading experts, it covers all aspects of the speech perception, production and processing of bilingual individuals, as well as surveying cross-linguistic influences on the phonetics and phonology of bilingualism. The thirty-five chapters are divided into thematic areas covering the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches employed to investigate bilingual speech, overviews of major findings and developments in child and adult bilingual phonology and phonetics, descriptions of the major areas of research within the speech perception, production and processing of the bilingual individual, and examinations of various predictors of cross-linguistic influence and variables affecting the outcomes of bilingual speech.

  • The vowel system of Santiago Mexquititlán Otomi (Hñäñho)

  • Stanislav Mulík, Mark Amengual, Gloria Avecilla-Ramírez, Haydée Carrasco-Ortíz
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Phonetic Association / Volume 53 / Issue 2 / August 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 July 2021, pp. 383-403

  • The present study provides an acoustic description of the vowel system of Santiago Mexquititlán Otomi (Hñäñho), an endangered and understudied Oto-Manguean language variety spoken in central Mexico. The goal of this production study was to determine whether the phonemic contrasts between Hñäñho vowels, as previously described impressionistically, are maintained in the acoustic realizations of a group of relatively balanced bilingual native speakers of Hñäñho or if Hñäñho phonemic categories are merging due to the extensive influence of Spanish. To this end, each Hñäñho speaker recorded a carefully designed list of 90 Hñäñho words and the resulting dataset of a total of 1507 tokens was subjected to analysis. Linear mixed-effects models were constructed to predict Bark scale correlates of vowel height (B1 – b0) and vowel frontness/backness (B2 – B1) and the Pillai scores were calculated in order to determine the degree of overlap for adjacent Hñäñho vowel pairs. The speakers’ Hñäñho vowels were also compared to their Spanish vowels. A list of five Spanish words was used and a total of 90 tokens of the Spanish vowels were recorded. The results confirm that the vowel system of Hñäñho, produced by older Hñäñho speakers, consists of 10 distinct phonemes. Hñäñho-specific phonetic details are discussed, including the fronted realization of the vowel /u/ as [u̟] and the lowering of the vowel /ɔ/ to [ɒ], which might lead to a future /a – ɔ/ merger. These findings underline the importance of early and sustained exposure to indigenous bilinguals’ native language for the maintenance of phonetic features of Hñäñho despite extensive contact with Spanish.

  • 7 - The Social Determinants of Enforcement

  • Edited by Daniel M. Brinks, University of Texas, Austin, Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts, María Victoria Murillo, Columbia University, New York
  • Book:
    The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America
    Published online:
    06 May 2020
    Print publication:
    11 June 2020, pp 161-182

  • Summary

    The weak or selective enforcement of parchment rules is a widely recognized problem in Latin American and developing states. In Chapter 1, Brinks, Levitsky, and Murillo theorize institutional weakness as the gap between the way social interactions should be structured by institutions and the actual way social interactions occur. We define enforcement as the set of actions that the state takes to reduce the size of that gap. Our point of departure is that enforcement is often uneven and therefore constitutes a key element of the politics of institutional weakness; when rules are enforced is equally, if not more, important than the content of the rules themselves.

    In this chapter, we build an account of the political and societal determinants of enforcement to elucidate why and how weak institutions gain relevance and how strong institutions might, or might not, emerge from state action.

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