Bats are important but understudied pollinators in the Palaeotropics, and much about their interactions with night-blooming, bat-pollinated plant species is still unknown. We compared visitation times to flowering and fruiting plant resources by nectarivorous bat species (obligate pollinators) and frugi-nectarivorous bat species (facultative pollinators) throughout the night to examine the temporal variability that occurs within Pteropodidae foraging. Timing of pollination is an important determinant of plant reproductive success and more temporally restrictive than fruit dispersal. We netted 179 nectarivorous bats and 209 frugi-nectarivorous bats across 367 total mist-net h at five plant species providing floral resources and six plant species providing fruit resources. We found that all three nectarivorous bat species in southern Thailand forage significantly earlier in the evening (20h30 versus 22h00), and over a significantly shorter time interval (1.73 h versus 3.33 h), than do the five most commonly netted frugi-nectarivorous species. These results indicate that the two feeding guilds may be imposing different selective pressures on bat-pollinated plant species and may comprise different functional groups. We propose that the observed differences in bat foraging times are due to temporal constraints imposed by the rewards of the plant species that they visit.

This paper presents the design of the four-channel Nd: glass high power laser system in the Kaliski Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) in its optimized version, based on a theoretical analysis of propagation of radiation in the real laser channel.

Experimental investigations of laser-produced plasma expansion in a strong (−20 T) magnetic field have been carried out. The image and spectra of the plasma flame in the soft X-ray spectral region have been obtained. It has been shown that the strong magnetic field limits the transverse plasma expansion and strongly effects the ion-level populations.

Relational structures offer a common framework for handling graphs and hypergraphs of various kinds. Operations like disjoint union, the creation of new relations by means of quantifier-free formulas, and relabellings of relations make it possible to denote them using algebraic expressions. It is known that every monadic second-order property of a structure is verifiable in time proportional to the size of such an algebraic expression defining it. We prove here that this result remains true if we also use in these algebraic expressions a fusion operation that fuses all elements of the domain satisfying some unary predicate. The value mapping from these algebraic expressions to the structures they denote is a monadic second-order definable transduction, which means that the structure is definable inside the tree representing the algebraic expression by monadic second-order formulas. It follows (by using results of other articles) that, with this fusion operation, we cannot generate more graph families, but we can generate them with less unary auxiliary predicates. We also obtain clear-cut characterizations of Vertex Replacement and Hyperedge Replacement context-free graph grammars in terms of four types of operations, amongst which is the fusion of vertices satisfying a specified predicate.

A high purity Cu target foil doped with 57Co and cooled to 80 K has been deuteron irradiated (E = 2 MeV to .5 MeV) using a Van de Graaff accelerator. In-situ Mössbauer spectra of the target were taken as a function of deuterium dose and post irradiation annealing. Two new 57Co sites are observed in addition to the original substitutional site. The new site ‘1’, populated at low temperature following the irradiations is identified with a 57Co impurity atom having Cu-interstitials trapped in its immediate vicinity. The new site ‘2’, populated on annealing the target above 360 K is believed to represent a 57Co impurity having deuterium localized in its vicinity.