The rise of the far-right is a global phenomenon connected with the erosion of liberal democracy, especially in Europe and North America. It is not surprising that scholars are paying increasing attention to the ideas defended by the far-right and the factors that help to explain its electoral support. However, most research tends to focus on individual countries or regions, neglecting cross-regional perspectives crucial for understanding the diffusion of far-right ideas and political strategies. To fill this void, this contribution delves into the Foro Madrid, a novel transnational advocacy network primarily composed of far-right political entities. Spearheaded by VOX, a Spanish populist radical right party, the Foro Madrid seeks to forge an alliance between Europe and Latin America to counterbalance perceived leftist influences. By analyzing the Foro Madrid’s rhetoric and strategies, the chapter aims to demonstrate a deliberate dissemination of far-right ideas from north to south. The empirical findings shed light on this diffusion process and its potential ramifications for liberal democracy. Moreover, the chapter reflects on the implications of this dissemination, contemplating its impact on liberal democratic norms and structures.

This chapter looks at the right-wing landscape in Chile, in particular the four parties present in it. To better understand the similarities and differences between these four parties, this chapter analyzes novel survey data that allows for a detailed description of those who identify with the right in contemporary Chile. By mapping out the right-wing electorate, the authors show that the formation of a stable electoral coalition between these four right-wing parties is anything but simple because of the important ideological differences between their voters.

This concluding chapter assess if the general argument of the book holds true for all the country cases included in our analysis. It then turns its attention to the three party families of the mainstream right – Christian Democrats, Conservatives and Liberals – and examines the ways in which all of them have found it a challenge to cope with the tension between the silent and silent counter-revolutions. The third section looks at the four policy dimensions that have been and will continue to be key for the electoral profile of the mainstream right, namely, European integration, immigration, moral issues and welfare. The chapter closes by advancing three suggestions on the future research agenda on the mainstream right in Western Europe and beyond: that scholars monitor the extent to which the ‘winning formula’, which some parties have hit upon, proves to be successful in the long term; that, in the light of the programmatic changes some of them have made, scholars continually re-evaluate their classification as members of particular party families; and, finally, that scholars explore the impact of negative partisanship on both the mainstream right and the far right.

In spite of their scope and significance, the challenges faced by mainstream parties on the right of the political spectrum continue to garner far less attention than those encountered by their mainstream left rivals and those posed by parties of the far right. This chapter discusses those challenges. It begins by trying to bring some conceptual clarity and to offer working definitions of both the mainstream right and the far right in Western Europe. It then outlines our argument that mainstream right parties in Western Europe experience a tension between, on the one hand, adapting to segments of the electorate that express the liberal and progressive values of the so-called ‘silent revolution’ and, on the other hand, representing voters who sympathize with the arguably authoritarian and nativist ideas associated with the so-called ‘silent counter-revolution’. This tension, we argue, presents mainstream right parties with particular policy and political challenges when it comes to European integration, immigration, moral issues and welfare. Having introduced the topic, and our take on it, the chapter ends by presenting a short summary of each of the contributions to come.