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Sleep medicine and dream science have long been dominated by empirical approaches. Volume 2 of this handbook highlights emerging theories of sleep disorders and the role of social and environmental factors in sleep health, showing how conceptual models guide effective application of empirical work. Featuring contributions from leading experts, chapters examine mechanisms of sleep regulation, functions of sleep and dreaming, and present diverse frameworks side by side, outlining core assumptions, mechanisms, and implications before addressing deeper complexities. Designed for students, researchers, and clinicians across sleep science, neuroscience, psychology, biology, and medicine, the handbook invites critical engagement with models and reflection on how they shape contemporary understanding and research.
This pioneering comparative study provides the first quantitative, large-scale, cross-language analysis of subject pronoun variation, with a dataset representing more than 1000 speakers, twenty-four communities, and 6 languages: Persian, Spanish, European and Brazilian Portuguese, Mandarin, and Swabian. Over 250,000 sites of pronominal variation are analysed to reveal community-specific and universal patterns of pronoun use, providing readers with key insights into how communities vary in their characteristic rates of pronoun use and in their sensitivity to linguistic and social conditioning factors. The project employs a range of quantitative measures, statistical techniques, and visualization tools to assist readers in investigating pronominal variation from cognitive, linguistic, and social perspectives. The book includes a freely downloadable R Markdown Project for readers to use in replicating and extending the methods provided to their own projects.
Sleep medicine and dream science have long been dominated by empirical approaches. Volume 1 of this handbook underscores the critical importance of models and theories of sleep and dreams, which provide the conceptual frameworks needed to interpret empirical findings – spanning biological, psychological, and philosophical perspectives. Featuring contributions from leading experts, chapters examine mechanisms of sleep regulation, functions of sleep and dreaming, and present diverse frameworks side by side, outlining core assumptions, mechanisms, and implications before addressing deeper complexities. Designed for students, researchers, and clinicians across sleep science, neuroscience, psychology, biology, and medicine, the handbook invites critical engagement with models and reflection on how they shape contemporary understanding and research.
George MacDonald (1824–1905) remains one of the most persistently read and beloved of the Victorians. His fairy tales and children's books have delighted generations of young readers, while his sermons, essays, and poems still offer startling insights into life and literature. He has increasingly been recognised as one of Scotland's most important nineteenth-century novelists. Here, seventeen new essays from an international, diverse group of scholars illuminate the crucial aspects of MacDonald's remarkable, varied works. The chapters are organised around MacDonald's life, major genres, and central themes, and provide clear points of entry for students, researchers, and curious readers. For readers approaching MacDonald's works for the first time and for those renewing a long acquaintance, The Cambridge Companion to George MacDonald is an indispensable guide. With a foreword by Malcom Guite and an afterword by Roderick McGillis.
This undergraduate textbook carefully introduces the fundamentals of axiomatic set theory; a rich and beautiful subject whose fundamental concepts permeate virtually every branch of mathematics. One can thus say that set theory is a foundation for mathematics. The proofs are rigorous, clear, and complete, while remaining accessible to undergraduates who are new to upper-level mathematics. Topics covered include relations, functions, the natural numbers, order, cardinality, transfinite recursion, the axiom of choice, ordinal numbers, and cardinal numbers. Exercises are given at the end of each section in a chapter. The second edition includes a new chapter on set-theoretic constructions of the integers, the rational numbers, and the real numbers; a new chapter on models of set theory. There are also new sections on the hyperreals and applications of stationary sets, club sets, and Fodor's Theorem, as well as additional explanation, examples, and figures. A solutions manual is available for instructors.
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations, enacted in 1991, specify a reduced fine for a corporation convicted of a regulatory offense if the corporation had an 'effective compliance and ethics program' at the time of the offense. Prior to their enactment, very few Fortune 500 companies had such programs; within a few years, they all did. This sudden growth points to a financial motive. After all, if compliance had been driven by ethics, these programs should have already been in place. Ethics of Risk Management highlights how corporate practice tends to focus on the firm's financial risks, leaving little to no role for ethical reflection. The book finds this financial approach to compliance lacking and brings ethical issues to the fore. Drawing on multiple case studies, it offers an alternative approach to compliance that tempers risk management with a nuanced jurisprudential view coupled with robust notions of the firm's political obligations.
In recent decades, US voting has not only polarized but also nationalized: state-level voting choices increasingly reflect national allegiances. Such cross-level nationalization can undermine accountability. Yet understanding its sources – and whether it is distinctively American – requires comparative data. The authors assemble a novel data set linking 146,934 subnational and national election returns across 14 European and American democracies over several decades, supplemented with surveys. They find that nationalization has been steady and high for decades in most countries; the US is an outlier only in having nationalized recently. Their findings challenge monocausal explanations emphasizing media or public opinion. Instead, greater subnational authority and stronger subnational attachments predict lower nationalization. They also uncover ties between nationalization and affective polarization. More polarized voters are more likely to cast congruent ballots, though at the country level this link is driven by the US. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element explores the intersection of language and culture in undergraduate admissions interviews. Such encounters are commonly understood through their outcomes, typically via perceptions of interviewer bias and/or candidates' levels of self-confidence. This study challenges such a reductive understanding of admissions interviews by positing them instead as communicative events with interactional requirements that can be empirically determined. Based on a corpus of 60 interviews provided by the University of Cambridge, the study draws on the tools of interactional sociolinguistics to reveal how interviews are shaped by multiple layers of cultural norms, and role relationships, that successful candidates are best able to navigate. In so doing, it suggests that admissions interviews are not 'interviews' per se, but rather 'tutorial auditions' in which candidates must quickly demonstrate both their academic competences and their ability to learn and to be taught. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Inequality is an essential concept for understanding the impact of digital media on political life. This Element offers an empirical portrait of digital political inequality globally. We find that gaps in online political information reception and engagement are prevalent worldwide and growing over time. These inequalities are related to the resources held by individuals, the experiences of groups, and the economic, democratic, and technological development of societies. Moreover, we find that digital political media use is associated with greater participation in electoral politics and belief in democracy, while at the same time lower political trust and satisfaction with political systems. Based on these findings, we offer an agenda for studying digital political inequality across societal, technological, institutional, and individual levels. Ultimately, digital media not only create walls that separate the political haves and have-nots, but also windows and doors to greater political voice and influence for the less powerful.
This chapter reflects on my experience as the Director of the ACT Parks and Conservation Service, highlighting my involvement in the Mulligans Flat-Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment at Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary (MFGO) from 2004 to 2022. It discusses the evolution of the Experiment, a long-term initiative aimed at woodland restoration, and its impact on the ACT Parks and Conservation Service. The experiment not only provided valuable insights into woodland management, but also fostered innovation and community engagement.
The chapter emphasises the creation of a predator-proof fence at Mulligans Flat, collaboration with academic researchers, and the integration of evidence-based management practices. Key challenges, such as reallocation of staff and developing specialised knowledge, are explored, as well as the transformation of conservation efforts in the ACT. The Experiment and MFWS has become a model for adaptive conservation, highlighting the importance of partnerships between government, researchers and the community in promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management practices.
Managers are constantly making decisions around resource allocation and the most effective management strategies. For the last 20 years, various ACT Government managers have allocated resources to this Experiment to address knowledge gaps and conservation objectives. This chapter discusses some of these investments in time and resources and the benefits that have been generated from this research. This investment was triggered from the lack of knowledge to support decision-making and management of box-gum woodlands in the region. This chapter summarises four of the key successes from the managers’ perspective, which included: providing new evidence to support government strategies and priorities; providing conservation research that could be applied beyond the site; enabling research to be communicated to non-scientists; and enhanced partnerships on key conservation outcomes with staff, other stakeholders and the community.
This chapter offers a novel account of trust as a form of opening one’s mind to the autonomy of other persons. Despite a long tradition of philosophical thinking about trust, it remains unclear how (non-instrumental) trust works in close human relationships. While important strands of theorising in sociology and moral psychology recognise that trust involves accepted vulnerability, the autonomy of the trusted person is typically viewed as something to be coped with rather than embraced. By drawing on a central distinction in Husserl’s phenomenology, the chapter proposes shifting the perspective and placing the other’s autonomy at the centre of the trusting attitude in close relationships. A personalistic perspective on trust emphasises shared goals and values with the trusted individual, shaping the affective attitude towards them. To understand the affective dynamics involved in sharing and adjusting one’s goals or values in interpersonal trust, the authors suggest conceptualising attitudinal aspects of trust as a metacognitive feeling that entails a self-explorative dimension. The chapter demonstrates how this self-explorative dimension helps explain the dynamics of disclosing intimate details and adopting another’s perspective in psychotherapeutic relationships, or what is referred to as transformative trust.