Objective: Thyroid hormone has important effects on cardiovascular performance. This study was performed to evaluate the changes in levels of triiodothyronine following the first stage of reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods: We enrolled 14 newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome scheduled for first stage reconstruction. Blood samples were obtained pre-, intra-, and post-operatively. Levels of free and total triiodothyronine were determined by radioimmunoassay. Statistical comparison was performed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results: The levels of free triiodothyronine decreased from a baseline of 355 ± 31 pg/dl to 205 ± 21 pg/dl upon the institution of bypass, and declined to a level of 135 ± 9 pg/dl at 24 hours postoperatively. Similarly, levels of total triiodothyronine decreased from 101 ± 15 ng/dl to 65 ± 4 ng/dl upon the institution of bypass, and continued to decline during the first 24 hours postoperatively. Levels of free and total triiodothyronine had returned to baseline by the fifth postoperative day. Conclusions: The data demonstrate significant decreases in levels of free and total triiodothyronine during the early postoperative period. These changes in levels of thyroid hormone may have adverse effects on cardiac function during this phase of recovery.

In the 1850s, when both Oregon and Washington were pioneer lands just emerging from wilderness conditions, sporadic Indian warfare made life dangerous and miserable for white settlers and threatened the very existence of the Indian subtribes which inhabited the mountains and valleys south and north of the great Columbia River basin. In the previous decade a provisional territorial government had been organized, even before the treaty of 1846 set the international boundary at the forty-ninth degree of latitude. Federal territorial government dates from 1849. In 1853 Washington territory was set off from Oregon.

This article, which continues the survey, “Methodist Historical Studies 1930–1959,”, covers both British and American fields, includes the most significant literature, and emphasizes strong developments, but does not attempt exhaustive listing of all items, and does not deal with missionary and global aspects. Moreover, it does little more than recognize the addition of “United” to the title of the major denomination involved as a result of merger in 1968 with the former Evangelical United Brethren. This article deals with a historical movement, not a denominational category.

The traditional unconcern for historical roots in the Methodist Episcopal Church still prevails sufficiently to help account for a less extensive program of historical investigation than that reviewed above for Great Britain. The fact that England has a long-established Historical Society with a vigorous publishing program is indicative of the contrast. Organization for historical study in America is either dominated by the limited vision of Annual Conference groups or is so informal and peripheral as to lack central support.

Following a period of neglect Methodist historiography in the three decades since 1930 has taken a new start. The keynote of this revived interest is not antiquarian but existential, and manifests a concern for the recovery of the Methodist heritage as roots for the faith of the present. Curiously, this interest in the denominational background arises in part from increasing participation in the Ecumenical Movement. Methodists have felt that they had something of their own to offer, but were not quite sure what it was.

When Nicholas, the first of that name, was consecrated pope on the twenty-fourth of April, 858, no one—least of all the Emperor Louis II, by whose favor the former deacon succeeded in obtaining the election—could have foreseen the series of political and ecclesiastical upheavals, more like the thunderbolts of Jupiter than the benedictions of St. Peter, by which the new occupant of the Holy See won fame for himself, prestige for the papacy, and the dignity of being called “the Great.” Few popes hold a more dominating place in the history of the Catholic Church than Nicholas I. In the course of his nine-year pontificate he so fully succeeded in establishing his pre-eminence in the late Carolingian world over both prince and prelate that he found it possible to attain his ends by the mere rumbling of thunder, without using the ecclesiastical lightning-bolt in any but the most extreme cases. The mere threat of excommunication often proved sufficient to move mighty kings and not-so-mighty emperors into the path of righteousness.

The question posed in the title of this article is answered, without further research, by the obvious facts of history. The English refugees from the wrath of Queen Mary did not plan to live long enough in their temporary homes on the Continent to be regarded as inhabitants. A fruitful field for investigation, however, lies in the study of the results of this transitory sojourn in the Swiss Cantons and the valley of the Rhine.