5 results
The scale of it all: postcanine tooth size, the taxon-level effect, and the universality of Gould's scaling law
- Lynn E. Copes, Gary T. Schwartz
-
- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 36 / Issue 2 / Spring 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2016, pp. 188-203
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
In a seminal paper in 1975, Gould proposed that postcanine occlusal area (PCOA) should scale metabolically (0.75) with body mass across mammals. By regressing PCOA against skull length in a small sample of large-bodied herbivorous mammals, Gould provided some marginal support for this hypothesis, which he then extrapolated as a universal scaling law for Mammalia. Since then, many studies have sought to confirm this scaling relationship within a single order and have found equivocal support for Gould's assertion. In part, this may be related to the use of proxies for both PCOA and body mass, small sample sizes, or the influence of a “taxon-level effect,” rendering Gould's scaling “universal” problematic.
Our goal was to test the universality of Gould's prediction and the impact of the taxon-level effect on regressions of tooth size on body mass in a large extant mammalian sample (683 species spanning 14 orders). We tested for the presence of two types of taxon-level effect that may influence the acceptance or rejection of hypothesized scaling coefficients. The hypotheses of both metabolic and isometric scaling can be rejected in Mammalia, but not in all sub-groups therein. The level of data aggregation also influences the interpretation of the scaling relationship. Because the scaling relationship of tooth size to body mass is highly dependent on both the taxonomic level of analysis and the mathematical methods used to organize the data, paleontologists attempting to retrodict body mass from fossilized dental remains must be aware of the effect that sample composition may have on their results.
Contributors
-
- By Kateri Berasi, Carol A. Boyer, Diane R. Brown, Robyn Lewis Brown, Tony N. Brown, Padraic J. Burns, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Daniel L. Carlson, Cheryl Corcoran, Manuela Costa, Stephen Crystal, Gary S. Cuddeback, William W. Eaton, Adrianne Frech, Virginia Aldigé Hiday, Stevan E. Hobfoll, Allan V. Horwitz, Robert J. Johnson, Verna M. Keith, Ronald C. Kessler, Corey L. M. Keyes, Jacinta P. Leavell, Harriet P. Lefley, Mary Clare Lennon, Laura Limonic, Bruce G. Link, Athena McLean, David Mechanic, Elizabeth G. Menaghan, Barret Michalec, John Mirowsky, Shirin Montazer, Joseph P. Morrissey, Carles Muntaner, Bernice A. Pescosolido, Christopher Peterson, Jo C. Phelan, Michael Polgar, Sarah Rosenfield, Catherine E. Ross, Ebony Sandusky, Jaime C. Sapag, Teresa L. Scheid, Mark F. Schmitz, Sharon Schwartz, Dena Smith, David T. Takeuchi, Peggy A. Thoits, R. Jay Turner, Edwina S. Uehara, Jerome C. Wakefield, James Walkup, Emily Walton, Blair Wheaton, David R. Williams, Kristi Williams
- Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 16 November 2009, pp xi-xiv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
9 - Charting the chronology of developing dentitions
-
- By Gary T. Schwartz, Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution, Arizona State University, M. Christopher Dean, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London
- Edited by Joel D. Irish, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Greg C. Nelson, University of Oregon
-
- Book:
- Technique and Application in Dental Anthropology
- Published online:
- 12 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 07 February 2008, pp 219-233
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
A primary goal of paleoanthropology, and indeed all sub-fields of paleontology, is to breathe life, metaphorically speaking, into fossilized remains of extinct species. Parsing out details of the phylogeny of a particular group of extinct organisms, inferring diet from comparative functional analyses of dentognathic remains, reconstructing locomotor repertoires, and sorting out brain/body size scaling relationships, etc., are but a few of the more prominent examples of how researchers make “fossils speak to us” from across vast stretches of time. Ever since the pioneering work of Schultz (1935, 1960), however, primatologists and paleoanthropologists have endeavored to reconstruct aspects of extinct species' schedule of growth, development, maturation, etc. – referred to as life history. Life history, simply put, is the schedule of key events in an organism's life cycle (e.g. gestation length, maternal–infant mass ratio, pre- and postnatal growth rates, age/weight at weaning, age at first reproduction, reproductive span, number of offspring per litter, inter-birth interval, etc.) that enable some individuals of a species to avoid predators or other mortality risks more effectively, or that in some way contribute to overall fitness (Godfrey et al., 2002; Ross, 1998). Thus, life history is the “direct outcome of the interaction between developmental variables (e.g. growth rate, age at skeletal maturation) and demographic variables (survival, reproduction, population growth, life-cycle stage census counts, etc.)” (Godfrey et al., 2002, p. 117).
When viewed in this light, it might seem impossible to infer such reproductive, physiological, and even behavioral parameters from fossilized remains.
4 - American tort law and the (supposed) economic loss rule
- Edited by Mauro Bussani, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Vernon Valentine Palmer, Tulane University, Louisiana
-
- Book:
- Pure Economic Loss in Europe
- Published online:
- 03 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 31 July 2003, pp 94-119
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction: the relative unimportance of an exclusionary rule in the United States
According to Chapter I of this volume, ‘[p]ure economic loss is one of the most discussed topics of European scholarship. Fascination with the subject … has developed into a wealth of literature about this frontier notion.’ My introductory comment about the American situation is that such an assessment could not be fairly made about American tort scholarship, or about the American tort case law more generally. Instead, the doctrine that disallows recovery for economic losses in negligence cases is one that is rarely discussed by scholars and is indeed often ignored by courts. (The implications of this judicial neglect are discussed below.) However, there are one or two important exceptions to this generalization, which will be explained at some length below.
Let me now provide relevant background. The Restatement of Torts is a semi-official source of tort doctrine. The First Restatement was published, in relevant part, in 1939. It included a section (§ 766) creating liability for the purposeful inducement to breach of contract and the purposeful interference with prospective economic advantage; but it said nothing at all about negligence liability. The Second Restatement was published, in relevant part, in 1979. In §§ 766, 766B, and 767, it reworked the rules on liability for purposeful or intentional interference.
Looking Backward, Looking Forward: MLA Members Speak
- April Alliston, Elizabeth Ammons, Jean Arnold, Nina Baym, Sandra L. Beckett, Peter G. Beidler, Roger A. Berger, Sandra Bermann, J.J. Wilson, Troy Boone, Alison Booth, Wayne C. Booth, James Phelan, Marie Borroff, Ihab Hassan, Ulrich Weisstein, Zack Bowen, Jill Campbell, Dan Campion, Jay Caplan, Maurice Charney, Beverly Lyon Clark, Robert A. Colby, Thomas C. Coleman III, Nicole Cooley, Richard Dellamora, Morris Dickstein, Terrell Dixon, Emory Elliott, Caryl Emerson, Ann W. Engar, Lars Engle, Kai Hammermeister, N. N. Feltes, Mary Anne Ferguson, Annie Finch, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Jerry Aline Flieger, Norman Friedman, Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Sandra M. Gilbert, Laurie Grobman, George Guida, Liselotte Gumpel, R. K. Gupta, Florence Howe, Cathy L. Jrade, Richard A. Kaye, Calhoun Winton, Murray Krieger, Robert Langbaum, Richard A. Lanham, Marilee Lindemann, Paul Michael Lützeler, Thomas J. Lynn, Juliet Flower MacCannell, Michelle A. Massé, Irving Massey, Georges May, Christian W. Hallstein, Gita May, Lucy McDiarmid, Ellen Messer-Davidow, Koritha Mitchell, Robin Smiles, Kenyatta Albeny, George Monteiro, Joel Myerson, Alan Nadel, Ashton Nichols, Jeffrey Nishimura, Neal Oxenhandler, David Palumbo-Liu, Vincent P. Pecora, David Porter, Nancy Potter, Ronald C. Rosbottom, Elias L. Rivers, Gerhard F. Strasser, J. L. Styan, Marianna De Marco Torgovnick, Gary Totten, David van Leer, Asha Varadharajan, Orrin N. C. Wang, Sharon Willis, Louise E. Wright, Donald A. Yates, Takayuki Yokota-Murakami, Richard E. Zeikowitz, Angelika Bammer, Dale Bauer, Karl Beckson, Betsy A. Bowen, Stacey Donohue, Sheila Emerson, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Jay L. Halio, Karl Kroeber, Terence Hawkes, William B. Hunter, Mary Jambus, Willard F. King, Nancy K. Miller, Jody Norton, Ann Pellegrini, S. P. Rosenbaum, Lorie Roth, Robert Scholes, Joanne Shattock, Rosemary T. VanArsdel, Alfred Bendixen, Alarma Kathleen Brown, Michael J. Kiskis, Debra A. Castillo, Rey Chow, John F. Crossen, Robert F. Fleissner, Regenia Gagnier, Nicholas Howe, M. Thomas Inge, Frank Mehring, Hyungji Park, Jahan Ramazani, Kenneth M. Roemer, Deborah D. Rogers, A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff, Regina M. Schwartz, John T. Shawcross, Brenda R. Silver, Andrew von Hendy, Virginia Wright Wexman, Britta Zangen, A. Owen Aldridge, Paula R. Backscheider, Roland Bartel, E. M. Forster, Milton Birnbaum, Jonathan Bishop, Crystal Downing, Frank H. Ellis, Roberto Forns-Broggi, James R. Giles, Mary E. Giles, Susan Blair Green, Madelyn Gutwirth, Constance B. Hieatt, Titi Adepitan, Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr., Emanuel Mussman, Sally Todd Nelson, Robert O. Preyer, David Diego Rodriguez, Guy Stern, James Thorpe, Robert J. Wilson, Rebecca S. Beal, Joyce Simutis, Betsy Bowden, Sara Cooper, Wheeler Winston Dixon, Tarek el Ariss, Richard Jewell, John W. Kronik, Wendy Martin, Stuart Y. McDougal, Hugo Méndez-Ramírez, Ivy Schweitzer, Armand E. Singer, G. Thomas Tanselle, Tom Bishop, Mary Ann Caws, Marcel Gutwirth, Christophe Ippolito, Lawrence D. Kritzman, James Longenbach, Tim McCracken, Wolfe S. Molitor, Diane Quantic, Gregory Rabassa, Ellen M. Tsagaris, Anthony C. Yu, Betty Jean Craige, Wendell V. Harris, J. Hillis Miller, Jesse G. Swan, Helene Zimmer-Loew, Peter Berek, James Chandler, Hanna K. Charney, Philip Cohen, Judith Fetterley, Herbert Lindenberger, Julia Reinhard Lupton, Maximillian E. Novak, Richard Ohmann, Marjorie Perloff, Mark Reynolds, James Sledd, Harriet Turner, Marie Umeh, Flavia Aloya, Regina Barreca, Konrad Bieber, Ellis Hanson, William J. Hyde, Holly A. Laird, David Leverenz, Allen Michie, J. Wesley Miller, Marvin Rosenberg, Daniel R. Schwarz, Elizabeth Welt Trahan, Jean Fagan Yellin
-
- Journal:
- PMLA / Publications of the Modern Language Association of America / Volume 115 / Issue 7 / December 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2020, pp. 1986-2078
- Print publication:
- December 2000
-
- Article
- Export citation