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11 results

Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
  • Edited by Michael E. Symonds, Margaret M. Ramsay
  • Published online:
    26 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010
  • Improving clinicians' understanding of effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development can have considerable impact on achieving a healthy pregnancy and reducing childhood morbidity. This book defines the nutritional requirements with regard to each stage of fetal development and growth, placing scientific developments into a clinical context. Clinicians and scientists discuss: how the fetus grows and what macro- and micronutrients it requires; what happens when there is nutrient deficiency and when placental development is abnormal; aspects of infant feeding, both with breast milk and formula milk. Specific problems encountered in pregnancy that pose a nutritional challenge are also considered, including pregnancy in teenagers, multiple pregnancies and pregnancy in those who are vegetarians or vegans. All doctors, health-care workers or scientists who either care for women, their newborn and growing infants, or who are involved in research in these areas, will find this to be essential reading.

  • Section 3 - Specialized requirements

  • Edited by Michael E. Symonds, University of Nottingham, Margaret M. Ramsay, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
    Published online:
    26 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp 119-195

  • Summary

    Teenage pregnancy presents biological, social, and cultural challenges to young women as they strive to cope with the physiological and emotional demands of adolescent issues, fetal growth, and impending motherhood. There is considerable evidence worldwide that teenage pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal risk. A range of biological factors has been associated with unfortunate pregnancy outcomes, including poor nutritional status, low pre-pregnancy weight, maternal height, parity, and poor weight gain during pregnancy. Adolescent pregnancy is associated with increased risk for preterm birth and growth-restricted infants. The nutritional needs of pregnant adolescents are the greatest at a time when it is often socially and culturally most difficult to achieve them. Dieting, skipping meals, snacking, eating away from home, consuming fast foods, and trying unconventional diets are challenges to achieving the nutrient dense diet required to optimize growth and development in the mother and child.

  • Section 1 - Nutritional regulation and requirements for pregnancy and fetal growth

  • Edited by Michael E. Symonds, University of Nottingham, Margaret M. Ramsay, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
    Published online:
    26 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp 1-62

  • Summary

    This chapter describes the maternal adaptation to pregnancy and the role of the placenta in nutrient transfer to the fetus. During pregnancy, an adaptation of maternal metabolism functions to ensure normal fetal growth throughout gestation and neonatal growth during lactation. The maternal metabolic reprogramming is believed to be directed by placental hormones. Maternal nutrition around the time of conception may have important effects on gestational length, fetal growth trajectory, and postnatal growth and health. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is the primary fetal growth-stimulating factor in response to altered nutrient supply during late gestation and is under the control of fetal insulin. Insulin and leptin are maternal metabolic indicators that may be involved in fetal intrauterine growth adaptation and long-term health. Fetal blood sampling and the use of stable isotopes in human pregnancy have allowed for description of maternal and fetal nutrient concentrations.

  • Section 2 - Nutritional regulation and requirements for lactation and infant growth

  • Edited by Michael E. Symonds, University of Nottingham, Margaret M. Ramsay, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
    Published online:
    26 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp 63-118

  • Summary

    Lactogenesis begins during pregnancy and secretory material accumulates in the acini from the third month of gestation. Milk production is stable during the first months of lactation, but there is a wide range of milk intake among healthy breast-fed term infants, averaging 750 to 800 ml per day but ranging from 450 to 1200 ml/day because of infant demands. Human milk fat content is the main source of energy and its most variable constituent. Fat content is low in colostrum and increases from 2% to 5% in mature milk. Dietary fats are the main source of infants' energy, provide essential fatty acids, and facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Immunological and anti-infectious proprieties of human milk are of major importance compared with formulas. Environmental factors, including early infant nutrition, may influence their development. Potential energy mobilization during lactation depends on weight gain during gestation and nutritional status of the mother.

  • Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor

  • W. M. Ramsay, A. Margaret Ramsay
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Roman Studies / Volume 18 / Issue 2 / November 1928
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 September 2012, pp. 181-190
    Print publication:
    November 1928

  • As the following notes are primarily concerned with the Roman Army in Asia Minor, and are not epigraphical, though based on epigraphical evidence, it is best to omit epigraphic texts and employ otherwise the space gained. Epigraphic texts will be published elsewhere, or are already published.

    It may be assumed that the cohorts concerned are likely to be milliariae, not quingenariae, as they were evidently widely scattered in detachments (numeri or vexilla) over a very large country. A cohort nominally stationed at Iconium or at Ancyra would really be employed in small bodies over many parts of south-eastern or of northern Galatia, and milliariae were needed to cover the large district. They were all equitatae, as the evidence shows.