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32 results

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  • Environmental co-benefits of a Mediterranean-style dietary intervention for reducing depressive symptoms in adults: results from the Curbing Anxiety and Depression using Lifestyle Medicine randomised controlled trial

  • Megan Turner, Deborah N. Ashtree, Melissa M. Lane, Kim Anastasiou, Michalis Hadjikakou, Samantha L. Dawson, Mark Lawrence, Laura Jennings, Ozge Geyik, Felice N. Jacka, Vincent L. Versace, Mary Lou Chatterton, Pilvikki Absetz, Marita Bryan, Barbara Brayner, Sophie Mahoney, Dean Saunders, Tayla John, Lauren M. Young, Adrienne O’Neil
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 July 2025, pp. 1-9
    • Article
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  • This study explored whether lifestyle therapy that promoted adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet as a treatment for depression led to environmental co-benefits. Participants (n 75 complete case) were Australian adults in the Curbing Anxiety and Depression using Lifestyle Medicine non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial, which showed that lifestyle therapy was non-inferior to psychotherapy in reducing depressive symptoms, when delivered in group format via video conferencing over an 8-week treatment period. In this secondary analysis, we hypothesised that the lifestyle arm would be superior to the psychotherapy arm in reducing the environmental impact of self-reported diet over time. Dietary intake derived from FFQ at baseline and 8 weeks was transformed into environmental impact scores by calculating global warming potential (GWP)*. GWP* was calculated for total dietary intake and distinct food groups (Australian Dietary Guidelines and NOVA classifications). Within-arm changes in GWP* over time were calculated using the median difference. Neither arm showed significant changes. Between-arm differences in percentage change in GWP* scores over time were analysed using generalised estimating equations models. No between-arm difference for total GWP* score was found (β = 11·06 (–7·04, 29·15)). When examining distinct food groups, results were mixed. These novel findings contribute to the sparse evidence base that has measured the environmental impact of diets in a clinical trial context. Whilst lifestyle therapy that reduced depressive symptoms did not have clear environmental benefits relative to psychotherapy, nutritional counselling that focuses on the environmental impact of food choices may drive more pronounced planetary co-benefits.

  • Generative artificial intelligence use in evidence synthesis: A systematic review

  • Justin Clark, Belinda Barton, Loai Albarqouni, Oyungerel Byambasuren, Tanisha Jowsey, Justin Keogh, Tian Liang, Christian Moro, Hayley O’Neill, Mark Jones
  • Journal:
    Research Synthesis Methods / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / July 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 April 2025, pp. 601-619
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  • Introduction

    With the increasing accessibility of tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot, DeepSeek, Dall-E, and Gemini, generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has been poised as a potential, research timesaving tool, especially for synthesising evidence. Our objective was to determine whether GenAI can assist with evidence synthesis by assessing its performance using its accuracy, error rates, and time savings compared to the traditional expert-driven approach.

    Methods

    To systematically review the evidence, we searched five databases on 17 January 2025, synthesised outcomes reporting on the accuracy, error rates, or time taken, and appraised the risk-of-bias using a modified version of QUADAS-2.

    Results

    We identified 3,071 unique records, 19 of which were included in our review. Most studies had a high or unclear risk-of-bias in Domain 1A: review selection, Domain 2A: GenAI conduct, and Domain 1B: applicability of results. When used for (1) searching GenAI missed 68% to 96% (median = 91%) of studies, (2) screening made incorrect inclusion decisions ranging from 0% to 29% (median = 10%); and incorrect exclusion decisions ranging from 1% to 83% (median = 28%), (3) incorrect data extractions ranging from 4% to 31% (median = 14%), (4) incorrect risk-of-bias assessments ranging from 10% to 56% (median = 27%).

    Conclusion

    Our review shows that the current evidence does not support GenAI use in evidence synthesis without human involvement or oversight. However, for most tasks other than searching, GenAI may have a role in assisting humans with evidence synthesis.

  • 1 - Facial Recognition Technology

  • from Part I - Facial Recognition Technology in Context
  • Edited by Rita Matulionyte, Macquarie University, Sydney, Monika Zalnieriute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Facial Recognition in the Modern State
    Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024, pp 11-28
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  • Summary

    This chapter provides an introductory overview of the recent emergence of facial recognition technologies (FRTs) into everyday societal contexts and settings. It provides valuable social, political, and economic context to the legal, ethical, and regulatory issues that surround this fast-growing area of technology development. In particular, the chapter considers a range of emerging ‘pro-social’ applications of FRT that have begun to be introduced across various societal domains - from the application of FRTs in retail and entertainment, through to the growing prevalence of one-to-one ID matching for intimate practices such as unlocking personal devices. In contrast to this seemingly steady acceptance of FRT in everyday life, the chapter makes a case for continuing to pay renewed attention to the everyday harms of these technologies in situ. The chapter argues that FRT remains a technology that should not be considered a benign addition to the current digital landscape. It is technology that requires continued critical attention from scholars working in the social, cultural, and legal domains.

  • Museums and their Paradoxes

  • Mark O'Neill
  • Journal:
    Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements / Volume 79 / October 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 October 2016, pp. 13-34
    Print publication:
    October 2016

  • This chapter is written from the perspective of a practitioner and explores a range of paradoxes in museums and in the museological literature which may serve as starting points for conversations with philosophers. These include questions of definition and mission, intrinsic versus instrumental value, whether museums actively shape society or serve as a passive reflection, whether their main function is to produce liberating knowledge or express communal identities, whether traditional or progressive museums are the most ‘traditional’, whether museums are trying to serve idealized or real visitors and, ultimately, whether museums are rational or ritual institutions.

  • Pro-inflammatory dietary intake as a risk factor for CVD in men: a 5-year longitudinal study

  • Adrienne O’Neil, Nitin Shivappa, Felice N. Jacka, Mark A. Kotowicz, Katherine Kibbey, James R. Hebert, Julie A. Pasco
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 114 / Issue 12 / 28 December 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 October 2015, pp. 2074-2082
    Print publication:
    28 December 2015
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  • Convincing evidence has identified inflammation as an initiator of atherosclerosis, underpinning CVD. We investigated (i) whether dietary inflammation, as measured by the ‘dietary inflammatory index (DII)’, was predictive of 5-year CVD in men and (ii) its predictive ability compared with that of SFA intake alone. The sample consisted of 1363 men enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study who completed an FFQ at baseline (2001–2006) (excluding participants who were identified as having previous CVD). DII scores were computed from participants’ reported intakes of carbohydrate, micronutrients and glycaemic load. DII scores were dichotomised into a pro-inflammatory diet (positive values) or an anti-inflammatory diet (negative values). The primary outcome was a formal diagnosis of CVD resulting in hospitalisation over the 5-year study period. In total, seventy-six events were observed during the 5-year follow-up period. Men with a pro-inflammatory diet at baseline were twice as likely to experience a CVD event over the study period (OR 2·07; 95 % CI 1·20, 3·55). This association held following adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors and total energy intake (adjusted OR 2·00; 95 % CI 1·03, 3·96). This effect appeared to be stronger with the inclusion of an age-by-DII score interaction. In contrast, SFA intake alone did not predict 5-year CVD events after adjustment for covariates (adjusted OR 1·40; 95 % CI 0·73, 2·70). We conclude that an association exists between a pro-inflammatory diet and CVD in Australian men. CVD clinical guidelines and public health recommendations may have to expand to include dietary patterns in the context of vascular inflammation.

Venice and the Cultural Imagination
  • 'This Strange Dream upon the Water'
  • Edited by Michael O'Neill, Mark Sandy, Sarah Wootton
  • Published by:
    Pickering & Chatto
    Published online:
    05 December 2014
  • In the era of the Grand Tour, Venice was the cultural jewel in the crown of Europe and the epitome of decadence. Though visited by only the lucky few, its seductive charms were shared with those back home through the art and literature it inspired. This edited collection draws on a range of disciplines and approaches to explore how Venice has been represented in Western culture since 1800. Essays from experts in their field consider the city’s depiction in poetry, fiction, art, music and film. Beyond simply affirming the allure of Venice, this book functions as a case study with broader implications for the understanding of artistic and cultural legacies, and the relationships between art and money, history and myth.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Michael O'Neill, Mark Sandy, Sarah Wootton
  • Book:
    Venice and the Cultural Imagination
    Published by:
    Pickering & Chatto
    Published online:
    05 December 2014, pp 1-10

  • Summary

    Lately I stood at the bridge

    In the brown night.

    From afar there came a song:

    a golden drop, it swelled

    across the trembling surface.

    Gondolas, lights, music –

    drunken it swam out into the gloom…

    My soul a stringed instrument,

    Touched by invisible hands…

    (Friedrich Nietzsche)

    But what we want art to do for us is to stay what is fleeting, and to enlighten what is incomprehensible, to incorporate the things that have no measure, and immortalize the things that have no duration.

    (John Ruskin)

    I

    We begin with two responses to Venice, each immediately revealing the fact that the city mirrors the mind of the visitor. If the place confirms Nietzsche in his radical subjectivity, his ‘soul a stringed instrument’, it reminds Ruskin of his relationship with ‘things’, not merely the stones he measured whilst clambering up ladders, but also the ‘things that have no measure’. Venice is at once place and dream, substance and shadow. Nietzsche's lines gesture, in quasi-Byronic mode, from the solidity of the Rialto towards a city which shimmers as much as it abides, a ‘golden drop’ of delicate music, simultaneously intensified and quenched by its own surrounding ‘gloom’. Ruskin, alert to the ‘fleeting’, finds in the city a spur to his and our desire that art should ‘stay’ what is seemingly ephemeral.

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