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What motivates property owners to pay taxes in places where state enforcement is weak? Using an online experiment among property owners in Lagos, Nigeria, we evaluate the effectiveness of different appeals at increasing respondents’ tax morale—willingness to pay taxes absent enforcement—and attitudes about government enforcement of tax collection. Respondents were randomly assigned to read either a vignette emphasizing the role of property tax revenues in contributing to economic growth and increased property values or one highlighting that tax revenues are used for public goods and services benefiting all residents. The growth and property values message made respondents significantly more favorable toward enforcement of tax collection, but there was no difference in willingness to pay between the two conditions.
In this large, retrospective cohort study, we used administrative data to evaluate nonpregnant adults with group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteriuria. We found greater all-cause mortality in those with urinary tract infections compared to asymptomatic bacteriuria. Differences in patients’ baseline characteristics and the 1-year mortality rate raise the possibility that provider practices contribute to differences observed.
As duchess of Brittany [1491-1514] and twice queen of France [1491-98; 1498-1514], Anne de Bretagne set a benchmark by which to measure the status of female authority in Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance. Although at times a traditional political pawn, when men who ruled her life were involved in reshaping European alliances, Anne was directly or indirectly involved with the principal political and religious European leaders of her time and helped define the cultural landscape of her era. Taking a variety of cross-disciplinary perspectives, these ten essays by art historians, literary specialists, historians, and political scientists contribute to the ongoing discussion of Anne de Bretagne and seek to prompt further investigations into her cultural and political impact. At the same time, they offer insight of a broader nature into related areas of intellectual interest - patronage, the history of the book, the power and definition of queenship and the interpretation of politico-cultural documents and court spectacles - thereby confirming the extensive nature of Anne's legacy.
CYNTHIA J. BROWN is Professor of French at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Elizabeth A. R. Brown provides below a list of Anne's children, based on Patrick Van Kerrebrouck, Les Valois (pp. 157–9, 166–7).
With Charles VIII (30 June 1470–7 April 1498)
Charles-Orland, dauphin of Viennois (10 Oct. 1492–16 Dec. 1495), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.
Unnamed (Aug. 1493), buried at Notre-Dame of Cléry.
Unnamed (March 1495).
Charles, dauphin of Viennois (8 Sept. 1496–2 Oct. 1496), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.
François, dauphin of Viennois (1497), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.
Anne (20 March 1498), buried at Saint-Martin of Tours.
With Louis XII (27 June 1462–1 Jan. 1515)
Claude, duchess of Brittany, countess of Blois (13 Oct. 1499–20 July 1524), married 18 May 1514 to François, duke of Valois and Milan, count of Angoulême, the future François Ier (12 Sept. 1494–31 March 1547), crowned queen of France 10 May 1517, buried at Saint-Denis.
Unnamed (21 Jan. 1503), perhaps buried at Blois.
Renée, duchess of Chartres, countess of Gisors (25 Oct. 1510–12 June 1575), married 10 Feb. 1528 to Hercule of Este, duke of Ferrara (4 April 1508–3 Oct. 1560); buried at Montargis.