Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a leading cause of traumatic death in infants, often resulting in severe brain injuries with lifelong consequences. It can cause cognitive, sensory and behavioral impairments, which may not fully emerge until later in childhood. AHT injuries are typically classified as primary (direct mechanical damage, such as contusions and lacerations) or secondary (indirect effects like hypoxic-ischemic injury and cerebral edema).

Infants are particularly vulnerable due to factors like poor neck control, larger head size and incomplete brain development. Neuroimaging, especially MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging, is essential for diagnosing these injuries and tracking their evolution, as some manifestations develop over days or weeks. Mechanisms of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, play a key role in the progression of brain damage.

Differentiating AHT from accidental trauma is challenging. Certain patterns, such as subdural hemorrhages with ischemic injury, strongly suggest abuse. Comprehensive imaging, clinical evaluation and follow-up are crucial for documenting injury progression and understanding its impact on the developing brain.