This chapter covers applications of quantum computing in the area of quantum chemistry, where the goal is to predict the physical properties and behaviors of atoms, molecules, and materials. We discuss algorithms for simulating electrons in molecules and materials, including both static properties such as ground state energies and dynamic properties. We also discuss algorithms for simulating static and dynamic aspects of vibrations in molecules and materials.

This chapter provides an introduction to ship structures and includes descriptions of structural arrangements of the most important types of merchant ships and the properties of the materials used. This is followed by a discussion of the need to consider ship structures at different levels of analysis (top-down approach). The role of structural modelling, and in particular modelling applicable to global strength, is described. In the second part of the chapter an overview of current practice in ship structural design is presented, in which similarities between merchant and warship structural design are highlighted. The role of classification societies is described as well as that of the IMO Goal-Based-Standards. A comparison of classification society rules follows. The role of computer-based techniques is discussed. In the last section recommendations for good practice in ship structural design are provided.

This chapter begins by highlighting three ways in which K-12 urban educators and college faculty working in MSIs experience similar challenges managing cultural differences between themselves and their students from low-income and other minoritized communities. It then segues into the empirical portion of the book, by introducing the study context, as well as methods and materials used to collect the data analyzed in-depth across the following four chapters.

Mutually fitting objectives presuppose capabilities and dispositions whose relative positions are identifiable and mutually recognized. This chapter reconstructs Adam Smith’s argument from his theory of fellow feeling to the theory of the division of labour and examines E.G. Wakefield’s reappraisal of Smith’s theory in terms of the distinction between simple cooperation and complex cooperation. Complex cooperation in the production sphere requires that the specific tasks carried out by specialized actors generate networks of materials transferred from one producer (or set of producers) to another. Division of labour by complex cooperation involves the dimensions of capabilities, tasks, and materials and requires proportionality conditions at the level of capabilities and tasks as discussed in Babbage’s law of multiples. A functioning network based on complex cooperation also requires a proportionality condition for interdependent materials in the light of the Hawkins-Simon condition for a self-reproducing economy. Alternative arrangements of capabilities, tasks, and materials bring about different production regimes, which are associated with different modes of coordination between production processes. The chapter examines the conditions under which the change of production regime entails switching to a different structure of social networks and leads to a different material constitution of the polity.

The chapter begins the look ahead that is framed in terms of ’deep pluralism’. It surveys the material conditions likely to shape the future, seeing a lot of continuity in the general availablility of a cornucopia of materials and energy, but transformational potentials in digital technology, biotechnology and the falling cost of access to space.

Chapter 16 opens by asking readers to identify the elements in their developing demonstrations that are in good shape and those that still need work. The chapter organizes such elements by analogy to a three-legged stool: One leg is a demonstration’s materials; another is a comprehensive plan; the third is the person doing the demonstration. Discussion of materials emphasizes practical considerations such as visual or manipulable items that are exciting, portability, backups, links to core points, and even duct tape. Discussion of plans emphasizes clarity on the demonstration’s goals, knowing how to use the materials, and having a stock of juicy questions; detailed plans make it easier to be flexible in the face of surprises. Discussion of the person emphasizes how people are crucial to cooperative conversations, how they make the materials more interesting and more entertaining, how their questions guide other people’s learning, and how they represent their fields. This chapter’s Closing Worksheet asks readers to write demonstration guidelines modeled in the Worked Example about a demonstration using dinosaurs to compare human language to other forms of communication.

A distinct branch of socio-environmental research, grounded in the physical principles of conservation of mass and energy, applies a systems modeling approach to society–environment interactions, emphasizing material and energy flows. Technology and technological advancement, alongside population and resources, feature prominently in determining the metabolisms linking society and nature. This approach mostly focuses on analyzing industrial systems (e.g. Ayers and Kneese, Meadows et al., Beck, Graedel et al.) but also offers insight on agrarian societies (Boserup) and hunter-gatherer communities (Fischer–Kowalski). Across these levels of social organization, technology is variously viewed as overcoming the limits nature places on society, as facilitating the resource exploitation and production of waste that lead to social collapse, or as the basis for internalizing externalities and building a circular economy. Key readings constituting this branch of socio-environmental research draw on tools from economics and engineering, such as input–output models, system models, feedback loops, environmental impact analysis, and material and energy flow accounting.

This chapter describes the fundamental and applied science underlying the synthesis of UNCD films, using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), and systematic characterization of the mechanical (hardness), tribological (coefficient of friction and surface resistance to wear), chemical (resistance to chemical attach by corrosive liquids and other environments, including body fluids), electrical, and biocompatibility properties of the UNCD films, which make UNCD coatings a multifunctional material for a new generation of external and implantable medical devices and prostheses with order of magnitude superior performance than current metals and polymers used in current medical devices and prostheses.

This is a part of the scientific paper that today is often appended after rest of the paper has been reached. It has to give details of the techniques used, the reason for their selection and exact details of the procedures.The need for proper controls is discussed. Sources of materials have to be identified, modifications and limitations are to be included. Confidence in the data that emerges means that statistical tests must be appropriate. How this quite tedious section of the paper can best be assembled is explained.

This chapter argues both from the words and works of three twentieth-century masters, Frank Lloyd Wright, Adolf Loos, and Mies van der Rohe, that the Vitruvian values remained central to their architecture, for all the radical differences in style, materials, and technologies among their works and between their architecture and that of the Greco-Roman tradition. It also argues that for all the differences among these architects, the idea of freedom was central to their conceptions of the aesthetic appeal to architecture.