Introduction. Quarantine heat treatments have not yet beenintroduced in West Africa and no work has been done to determine the treatment conditionsneeded to eliminate eggs and larvae of West African fruit fly populations, especially ofthe new species Bactrocera invadens, from mangoes produced in the region.The objective of our study was to carry out hot water disinfestation experiments onnaturally infested mangoes to determine the exposure parameters required to kill eggs andlarvae of B. invadens present in commercial-quality fruits. The effects of hot watertreatment on fruit quality were also investigated. Materials and methods. Atank with a heating element and a water pump equipped with a tank sensor were used.Physiologically mature, hard, green mango fruits (cv. Kent) with potential export qualitybut infested by B. invadens were harvested from plantations in theBobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) area. The effect of hot water treatment by immersion at42.0 °C, 46.5 °C or 51.0 °C was evaluated by counting identifiable sites of fruit flyoviposition before and after paring the fruit and, finally, the numbers of live and deadlarvae of B. invadens were counted in the pulp. The quality of the fruitwas evaluated after the hot water immersion. Results and discussion. A hotwater treatment resulting in a core temperature of 46.5 °C could be the basis of a fruitfly quarantine treatment for West African mangoes produced in Burkina Faso. All of thelarvae extracted from the fruits treated at 46.5 °C and 51.0 °C were dead, while, in fruittreated at 42.0 °C, only about one-third of the larvae extracted were dead.

Introduction. Un inventaire des espèces de Tephritidae dans des vergers del’ouest du Burkina Faso a été effectué entre décembre 2007 et décembre 2009.Matériel et méthodes. Un piégeage de détection a été mené dans sept vergersde manguiers en utilisant comme appât de la levure de Torula placée dans des pièges MacPhail. Résultats et discussion. L’identification et le dénombrement desTephritidae capturées a permis de recenser 18 espèces : neuf du genreCeratitis, sept du genre Dacus et deux du genreBactrocera. Ceratitis cosyra et Bactrocerainvadens (respectivement 53,02 % et 36,19 % de l’ensemble des captures) se sontrévélées être les espèces dominantes. Nous avons mis en évidence une forte similarité descommunautés de Tephritidae au niveau des différents sites étudiés (coefficients desimilitude entre 42,86 % et 100 %); cette similarité pourrait être expliquée d’une partpar l’homogénéité des conditions climatiques, d’autre part par celle de la végétation dela zone d’étude. La proximité des parcelles de cultures maraîchères et la diversité desfruitiers locaux hôtes des Tephritidae autour des vergers de manguiers pourraient être àl’origine de la richesse spécifique élevée que nous avons constatée.Conclusion. Notre étude a révélé une diversité de Tephritidae dans la zoned’investigation qui présente des communautés d’espèces homogènes. Ces résultats serontcomplétés par l’identification des espèces associées aux dégâts sur manguier et àl’évaluation de leur importance. Ils suggèrent dès à présent la possibilité de développer,contre ces ravageurs, une stratégie de lutte commune à toutes les localités de la zoned’étude de l’ouest du Burkina Faso.

Introduction. Various whitefly species attack sweet oranges in Nigeria. Theeconomic importance of these whiteflies varies from one area to another depending onprevailing environmental conditions. Trials were established to assess the relativesusceptibility of sweet orange varieties to woolly whitefly Aleurothrixusfloccosus (Maskell) attack, its population dynamics and the impact of itsentomopathogenic fungi Aschersonia spp.in populationmanagement. Materials and methods. Four sweet orange varieties were used forthe trials: Agege, Bende, Pineapple and Valencia. The population dynamics of A.floccosus and its fungi-colonised nymphs were monitored in 2006 and 2007 bysampling 24 leaves per tree at 14-day intervals. Average monthly precipitation, relativehumidity and temperature were collated for the period of our study. Results anddiscussion. No significant difference was observed among the populations ofA. floccosus nymphs or the level of nymphal infection byAschersonia spp. in the sweet orange varieties. Higher numbers ofwoolly whitefly eggs and adults were observed on the Agege and Bende varieties in 2006 and2007, but the results were only significantly different in 2007. In both years, thepopulations of eggs, nymphs and adults of A. floccosus and itsentomopathogenic fungi Aschersonia spp. were relatively high in the dryseason months of January to March, dropped during the rainy seasons and rose again fromOctober. Evaluation of Aschersonia spp impact showed active colonisationof whiteflies. Generally, our results showed that weather factors such as rainfall andrelative humidity negatively influenced the woolly whitefly population. Conclusion.The association between the woolly whitefly population and fungi was beneficial andsuggests that Aschersonia spp. could be considered as a potentialbiological control agent for A. floccosus

Introduction. Traditionally the control of fruit flies is based on the useof pesticides, which increase production costs and have led to many environmentalconcerns. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of neem cake on the larval and pupalstages of Ceratitis capitata. Materials and methods. Thirdinstar larvae were transferred to plastic vials with neem cake in different proportions.The treatments consisted of vermiculite with neem cake in the concentrations: control(vermiculite only), then (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100)% of neem seed cake. The bioassay wascompletely randomized, with six treatments, ten replicates and ten third instar larvae perreplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results. Atconcentrations of 75% or more of neem cake in vermiculite, practically no adult fliesemerged. At 50%, more than 80% of the adults did not emerge and the pupal period wasprolonged. The sex ratio of the adults was not affected after the contact of the pupaewith the neem cake. The estimated lethal concentrations to kill 50% and 90% of thepopulation were 30.6% and 51.6%, respectively. Conclusion. The neem seed cakehas contact actions against the larval-pupal stage of C.capitata. Neem seed cake in the pupation substrate can cause highmortality when its concentration is 50% or more, and it prolongs the delay of the pupalperiod of C. capitata.

Introduction. Damage caused by tephritid fruit flies has been identified asa major limiting factor to citrus production in Nigeria. Presently, no control measure isapplied by the majority of the farmers. This study therefore seeks to evaluate theefficacy of locally-made protein bait sprays and the differences in the susceptibility ofsweet orange varieties in reducing fruit fly damage. Materials and methods.In 2006 and 2007, one, two and three spot applications of locally-made protein bait mixedwith chlorpyrifos insecticide were administered to Agege, Parson Brown and Valencia Latesweet oranges. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Efficacy ofthe bait sprays in reducing fruit attack was assessed by randomly sampling 10 ripe orripening fruits per stand as well as dropped fruits. Results and discussion.The bait sprays significantly (p < 0.05) reduced damage of sweetorange by lowering the infestation level of Bactrocera invadens DrewTsurata & White, and consequently reducing the number of dropped fruits.Application of three spots of bait was most effective in reducing damage due to B.invadens on sweet orange varieties. The infestation level of B.invadens and the number of dropped fruits of the variety Agege weresignificantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the varieties ParsonBrown and Valencia Late. Conclusion. Our study shows that three spotapplications were most efficacious in reducing fruit damage, and that the Valencia Latevariety was the least damaged, followed by Parson Brown.

Introduction In Morocco the olive growers rely totally on pesticides to control the black scale Saissetia oleae, although this technique has adverse effects on natural enemies, on product quality and on the environment. However, the pesticides are not used efficiently because of ignorance of the developmental cycle of the insect, and of the periods of vulnerable instar presence. We studied these two parameters. Next, we tested the efficacy of the pesticide and we studied the effect of pruning on the scales as an alternative to chemicals. Materials and methods The seasonal trend of the black scale was studied in two olive orchards near Essaouira, in the west of Morocco, during 2005 and 2006. One of these orchards was subject to chemical treatment in 2007, while two new orchards were selected to study the effect of pruning on the scales. The evolution of crawler and nymph density on different olive tree organs was followed in order to discover their preferences for these different organs. Results and discussion The seasonal trend study showed the presence of one generation of S. oleae per year and the tendency to colonise young organs rather than old ones. The optimum of mobile instar population coincided with the beginning and the end of July. On the organs of the chemically-treated samples, numbers of crawlers and nymphs were highly reduced. The results showed a small-scale infestation in pruned trees compared with the unpruned trees (control). Conclusion. Though the chemical control has good results, pruning remains very efficient and can help improve the control of the black scale populations without harming the environment