Chapter 8 approaches diversity through cultural and moral lenses. It concerns the acceptance of EU intervention, the legitimacy of its action in a sensitive field, ripe with moral and ethical controversies. The EU’s approach can broadly be divided into three strands, which are not mutually exclusive. The first is the Europeanisation of choice, most apparent in tobacco regulation, where the EU has adopted a quasi-prohibitionist stance with seemingly broad support from Member States. Strikingly, this occurs in the absence, both legally and politically, of arguments grounded in individual rights and autonomy. The second is an approach of insulation, relevant to alcohol and certain ‘heritage’ foods, where national regulatory choices remain shielded from European influence, either because of the EU’s reluctance to act or because of political deadlock. The third concerns the application of proportionality in free movement cases, and the extent to which cultural and moral arguments are accommodated in the adjudication of national restrictive measures.

Chapter 20 focuses on Lima Barreto’s 1915 masterpiece, Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma. The novel pits the ethical ideal of Policarpo Quaresma against the widespread corruption of Brazilian society under the First Republic. It suggests that individuals tend to act with more integrity when alone than when part of a group. The story reaches a dead end when Quaresma, with his naive idealism, tries to apply his values within society. His “sad end” raises key questions about the tension between personal ethics and collective action – questions that reveal Lima Barreto’s conservative perspectives, as the chapter demonstrates. This chapter deepens the conversation on ethics and praxis by interpreting the novel through the lens of ancient Stoicism contrasted with modern Marxism. The result is an ironic effect: Lima Barreto hopes to inspire social change through literature, yet his literary hero fails to bring that change to life.

As a Black woman and anthropologist, I am positioned as an outsider within the field of American anthropology. Traditionally, Black people and our bodies have been reduced to objects of study within the discipline. Because I am a bioarchaeologist who works directly with the skeletal remains of Black Ancestors, my positionality compels me to think seriously about how anthropologists might address the field’s violent past while moving forward in more ethical ways. But are we effecting change with our work, or reproducing the same inequalities and harmful narratives? I advocate for engagement with Black feminisms to inform the practice of bioarchaeology and shift away from narratives that normalize the objectification and degradation of Black people.

Effective lesson design underpins meaningful and inclusive learning. This chapter builds on principles of clear objectives and active learning, offering practical strategies to design lessons that are engaging, relevant, and responsive to diverse learners. You will explore how to align learning goals with success criteria, apply Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to ensure accessibility, promote higher-order thinking, and connect learning to real-world contexts. The chapter also considers the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI), guiding you to use it ethically while safeguarding critical thinking and teacher agency. Through examples, reflection, and adaptable strategies, you will learn to design lessons that spark curiosity, promote inclusion, and equip learners with future-ready skills.

This chapter begins by introducing misconduct – as the enforcement of standards of conduct at international organizations – comprising a series of actions intended to dependably investigate, attribute responsibility and consequently sanction integrity breaches by international officials. Second, the legal principles of misconduct are identified, namely: (1) The facts of misconduct must be established; (2) The established facts must legally constitute misconduct; and (3) Disciplinary sanction must possess a legal basis. Third, three attendant legal duties of misconduct are considered, as follows: (1) Proof of misconduct must be compelling; (2) Alleged misconduct must afford an opportunity to respond; and (3) Misconduct may only be sanctioned proportionately. Fourth, the chapter considers obligations towards staff who allege that they have been subjected to interpersonal misconduct – notably sexual harassment and bullying – and their capability to challenge and obtain information concerning related administrative decisions. Fifth, and in conclusion, this employment law of misconduct at international organizations is restated. The standards of conduct implementing the treaty-attributed integrity and independence of the international civil service are the subject of Chapter 9, ‘Standards of Conduct’.

This chapter begins by introducing standards of conduct – implementing the integrity and independence attributed to the international civil service by the treaty-basis of international organizations. Second, the legal principles of conduct are identified, namely: (1) The interests of the international organization are paramount; (2) Abuse of authority must be manifest, to be contestable; (3) International officials must be uncorrupted; and (4) External authority must not compromise international officials. Third, three attendant legal duties of conduct are considered, as follows: (1) Integrity requires honesty and reputability; (2) Integrity requires reserve and respect; and (3) Integrity requires discipline and hierarchical authority. Fourth, the duty to report alleged beaches of the standards of conduct (sometimes styled, ‘whistleblowing’) is considered. Fifth, the chapter examines the interaction between the immunity typically possessed by international officials in the course of their duties and the exercise of national legal jurisdictions, notably when crimes may have been committed in connection to the workplace. Sixth, and in conclusion, this employment law of standards of conduct at international organizations is restated. The employment law of the enforcement of integrity and the independence of the international civil service – procedures to ascertain and sanction breaches of standards of conduct – is the subject of Chapter 10, ‘Misconduct’.

The climate catastrophe and the Covid-19 pandemic have exposed racism as a global public health emergency and determinant of health. The long shadow of colonialism, structural violence and over-policing in settler colonies like Aotearoa New Zealand has accompanied a moral imperative to transform hegemonic and colonial Pākehā institutions. For Māori, this has meant the reassertion of self-determination and decolonisation, and for cultural minorities, a focus on racial justice. This urgent institutional transformation requires the re-examination of health care and its professional and ethical frameworks. Two criticisms of ethics have been articulated in this contemporary context: the first is that hegemonic frameworks centre whiteness and reinscribe it, and the second is that the frameworks fail to take into account or dismantle racism and maintain it through silence around racial justice

Chapter 3 asks what is counted and who comes to count in the enactment of epidemiological knowledge. It explores the presence and absence of injury in statistics, blood, chromosomes, memory, and radiation records, and asks how those exposed to toxic environmental harm experience and evaluate epidemiological accounts of their health. It also examines how scientists who use epidemiological reasoning in toxic exposure studies understand and enact the ethics of their practice. It charts how test veterans grappled with the troubling evidentiary burdens of exposure upon which claim-making depends. In attempting to contest accounts of ‘safe’ radiation exposure embedded within government records, test veterans condemned some epidemiological studies and praised others. ‘Good’ numbers were emergent if they were temporally responsive, appropriately connected and detached from study subjects, separable from the state’s influence, epistemically humble, future focused, and contextualized within the practices of their production. ‘Bad’ numbers, by contrast, were those that perpetuated and exacerbated the injuries they denied.

Now that the notion of the Anthropocene is more than a quarter century old, it is possible to review its career. With a special focus on the notion’s trajectory in literary studies, this chapter assesses that career in three ways. First, it makes the language-theoretical point that the Anthropocene is less a rigid denominator than a necessary misnomer: a term that cannot possibly capture the vast realities it is assumed to name, and is better thought of as a catalyst for debate. This helps explain why the recent dismissal of the Anthropocene as a chronostratigraphic unit hardly affects the term’s popularity. Second, it tracks the development of the term in literary studies to show how a term that initially signaled ecological urgency began to signify theoretical complexity in the 2010s and, somewhat later, also an increasing awareness of diversity. Third, it underlines that the particular way in which literary studies conceives of the Anthropocene is affected by the specific affordances of literature, which is reflected in the association of the Anthropocene with interdisciplinarity, multiscalarity, embodied experience, the ontology of writing, and a mood of impending disaster.

This chapter critically reviews the success of existing algorithms in explaining and predicting human behaviour. While traditional statistical methods have limitations in this area, algorithmic approaches have gained popularity. The chapter covers a range of algorithms, including decision trees, neural networks and clustering algorithms, evaluating their strengths and limitations in various applications. It also considers ethical concerns, such as bias and privacy violations and the need for transparency and explainability. The chapter emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between computer science, statistics and behavioural science, and the need for ongoing development and refinement of these methods. By evaluating the effectiveness of algorithmic approaches to human behaviour, this chapter is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field.

The rise of social media as big social data offers opportunities for behavioural science and Behavioural Data Science researchers. The availability of large volumes of data generated by users of social media opens up the possibility of being able to study human behaviour in detail, at scale and in real-time. Stimulated in part by such opportunities, machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) techniques have advanced rapidly. Applications of social media analytics now range from attitude extraction, sentiment analysis and behavioural monitoring, to rumour verification, event prediction, detection and tracking. However, the challenges have also grown and opinions on the value of social media analytics remain divided, with some seeing great potential while others express concerns about, for example, the absence of transparency in machine learning and NLP models and problems of bias in – and ethics of – harvesting social media data. Some are also concerned about the lack of methodological rigour and even question whether social media analytics is capable of delivering meaningful and robust insights into human behaviour. If they are to address these issues, then behavioural science researchers will need to master the skills and knowledge that will be needed to choose and apply machine learning and NLP techniques in ways that can guarantee robust and scientifically valid findings.

Behavioural Data Science represents the convergence of behavioural theory, computational modelling and empirical analysis to understand, predict and shape human, algorithmic and systems behaviour. As the field matures, its relevance hinges not only on its conceptual elegance but on its demonstrable value in addressing real-world challenges. This chapter serves as an introduction to Part V, which presents a broad spectrum of applied domains – ranging from healthcare and education to financial services, digital marketing, cybersecurity, public policy and environmental sustainability. Each application domain embodies the core tenets of Behavioural Data Science: interdisciplinarity, responsiveness to contextual variability and methodological agility. The chapter explores how behavioural theory is operationalised through data science techniques and how complex behavioural systems are navigated and intervened upon using algorithmic strategies. It critically assesses the translational challenges encountered when models developed in controlled settings are deployed in dynamic, heterogeneous environments. Ethical considerations – ranging from data governance and fairness to manipulation and informed consent – are shown to be not peripheral but integral to application design and implementation. Drawing on illustrative cases and cross-cutting insights from the chapters that follow, this chapter argues that applications of Behavioural Data Science must balance predictive power with interpretability, impact with equity and automation with accountability. In doing so, the chapter positions Part V not merely as a repository of case studies but as a reflection of how Behavioural Data Science performs under real-world constraints – and how its promises are tested, refined or reimagined in practice.

This chapter focuses on evaluations of persons as a lens into scientific data production and its ethics. That humans are fundamentally evaluative is a basic tenet of social interaction and social life. People are concerned that others understand their intentions adequately, knowing that their actions are being evaluated, and they examine others’ actions and intentions likewise. In many sciences, data production has become a service, with technicians generating data in the absence of researchers. Such new arrangements of data production come with numerical and social accountabilities as well as ethical evaluations. Focusing on data production in astronomy, this chapter traces these through several contexts. Joining data-producing technicians and data-using scientists as an ethnographer reveals that both are themselves exploring the epistemic and social accountabilities they face. Their way of “doing ethnography” is an ordinary social competence. The chapter argues that such ethnographic practices support and enable scientific data production as a service while also revealing its ethical tensions.

Chapter 3 centres on case selection and methodological considerations. The discussion opens up with a brief analysis that details how the MENA is understudied from both a climate and gender representation perspective, before moving on to a discussion of why it is important to study representation and climate change in authoritarian settings, i.e., not only in the MENA, but broadly speaking. The discussion in the first part of the chapter also covers the status of the MENA as a so-called ‘climate change hot-spot’. A considerable section of the case selection rationale in chapter 3 is dedicated to the study of gender and climate change within the MENA, which illustrates how the MENA case aligns with studies elsewhere in the Global South, i.e., focusing on women at the micro level and their vulnerability. The final (second) part of the chapter goes into detail with the methodology after briefly outlining the approaches favoured in the extant academic literature, coving both qualitative and quantitative methods.

The introduction fits the religious identities and entanglements of imperial and royal officials into recent work in critical fields of inquiry in the study of late antiquity. It sets the approaches and arguments of the book in the context of previous work on the conversion of the senatorial aristocracy, the religious identities of pagans and Christians, the development of asceticism and episcopal authority, the prevalence (or otherwise) of religious intolerance and violence, patterns of imperial churchgoing, and forms of Christian observance within the household. It also contextualises and justifies the chronology of the book and the specific definition of the ‘state’ and ‘officials’ used within it.