Chapter 2 frames the book, drawing on structuration theory and ontological security studies to provide its theoretical underpinnings. This chapter begins by exploring the claims of positive influences of different tools found in the transitional justice project on ensuring non-recurrence of conflict. It proposes that while both scholars and practitioners remain unsure of what ‘works’ for a meaningful ‘Never Again’, they remain faithful that something does and that some transitional justice is better than none. The chapter then delineates some common threads based on these multiple promises of non-recurrence to reflect on the characteristics of transitional justice as a structure. Finally, the chapter theoretically complicates the existing position of non-recurrence in transitional justice scholarship by asking questions about temporality, security, and the purpose of transitional justice as a global project. In doing so, it provides a new outlook on the ontological security/transitional justice nexus and discusses where non-recurrence fits within it.

Chapter 4 is the first of the three chapters that draw on interviews, observations, and life stories from Bosnia and Herzegovina to narrate a story about what ‘Never Again’ means for the people in this country and formulate a claim about transitional justice’s complicity in the construction of conflict recurrence anxieties. This chapter proposes that the lack of state-sponsored, state-wide truth recovery and a national dialogue about the characteristics, dynamics, and consequences of the war creates anxieties about potential conflict repetition. It then demonstrates how the global project of transitional justice is complicit in creating and sustaining these anxieties. In particular, the chapter shows how the normative hierarchy of transitional justice and the positioning of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia as a key source of the historical status quo helped enhance the building of multiple, competing, and often parallel biographical narratives about the war that prolong anxieties about potential conflict recurrence.

International legitimacy established by international law is related to the fundamental principles of international law. Through these principles and their relations, international law expresses and projects legitimacy internationally. In the process, it establishes a hierarchy of rights holding and rights holders. This chapter focuses on three aspects of this situation. First, it examines the key principles or values of international law and indicates how each of them represents a form and part of legitimacy and how, as a whole, they outline an overall conception of legitimacy at the international level. Second, it analyzes the relations of compatibility, competition, and hierarchy that exist among them. Third, it shows that the fundamental principles and their relations translate into a ranking and hierarchy of rights holding and rights holders—and argues that the international top rights holder, the state, plays a central role in the changes that can affect this ranking/hierarchy.

Even as a romantic conception of innovation – emphasizing its uncertain and serendipitous nature, for instance – might suggest that it is inherently hard to manage, the brute fact of the matter is that most innovation, in most organizations, is managed. In this chapter, we look into what happens to innovation when it is subjected to management, paying particular attention to the unintended and second-order consequences of those efforts to manage. Management can surely “get things under control,” but the interesting questions relate to what happens next, to what also happens when things do get under control. The first three readings provide three different angles on that. In the first, we read about a pretty neutral-looking management technique and think through why it might not be so neutral. In the second, we are shown how innocuous things like accounting numbers can drive innovation strategies. In the third, we are introduced to the dynamics of hidden innovation projects and think about what formal management actually gets to manage and the limits of managerial influence. The final reading zooms out and asks what happens when organizations actually lean into the unmanageability of innovation and attempt to be less organized and to manage innovation less.

The book has shown that, like any other concept, fiṭra has a complex history. And like any concept with a lively history, fiṭra needs to be interpreted. The philosophers’ ethics and politics, and particularly their commitment to intellectual, social, and political hierarchies, do not map onto our ethics or politics. However, that does not mean that their engagement with fiṭra is not crucial in the current moment. Working through fiṭra among the philosophers creates tensions – among them, and between them and other Islamic interpreters such as the scriptural commentators. In these tensions the ethical work lies, opening space for both a more robust conception of Islamic intellectual history and more informed debates in the present. The possibilities of what it means to be human in Islamic thought are so much more diverse and contextual and signal that if one of our most foundational concepts, human nature, is under contestation, then so is our moral life. In fact, this contestation is necessary, deeply human, and traditional.

The chapter traces change of international order from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna. International order shifted from a hierarchical order upheld by courtly ceremonial and diplomatic precedence to an order based on a territorial balance of power. A quest for status from Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia animated the change. These actors were unable to enhance their standing with diplomatic precedence, and consequently they outright mocked it. Simultaneously, unrestricted by the requirements of ceremonial, they dramatically rationalized the military. While for the ancien régime powers, the Holy Roman Emperor, the French king, and the Spanish king, court culture impregnated the military, the challengers had the military infiltrate court life. The aesthetic dimensions of military innovations played as much of a role in these dynamics as the military’s functional dimensions. Britain, Prussia, and Russia became the masters of new, rationalized forms of warfare, that brought the ancien régime powers to their knees. The resulting glory for the challengers led to reforms and/or revolution in the ancien régime powers. Courtly ceremonial and diplomatic precedence lost their meaning. The Congress of Vienna bestowed it onto five great powers (defined by their military potential) to manage the balance of power.

The key grouping structures relevant to metrical stress theory are the categories of the prosodic hierarchy. Prosodic categories can be divided into two types: interface categories and rhythmic categories. The interface categories are the utterance, the intonational phrase, the phonological phrase, and the prosodic word. The rhythmic categories are the foot, the syllable, and the mora. The key principles governing prosodic grouping are Constituency, Strict Succession, and Headedness. Constituency insists that prosodic groupings occur in the dominance relationship specified by the prosodic hierarchy. Strict Succession insists that phonological representations not skip prosodic categories moving lower to higher in hierarchy. Headedness insists that every instance of a prosodic category designate one of its immediate constituents as its head (its most prominent constituent). The combination of Headedness and Strict Succession insists that phonological representations not skip prosodic categories moving in the either direction, either lower to higher or higher to lower. Two special configurations play key roles in the theory: recursion and overlap. Interface categories may exhibit recursion, but recursion of rhythmic categories is prohibited by the Simple Layering condition. Instances of the same prosodic category may overlap so that they share a constituent.

The relationship between the metrical grid and the prosodic hierarchy and the relation between prosodic structure and syntactic structure are both relationships and relations of Correspondence. Correspondence is a representational link between two representational objects. Entries on the metrical grid and instances of prosodic categories may correspond, and instances of prosodic categories and instances of syntactic categories may correspond. Mapping is the correspondence relation between instances of prosodic categories and entries on the metrical grid. The mapping relation is one of the key factors influencing the grid’s construction. Mapping is governed by a handful of key principles, including Hierarchy Coordination. The prosodic hierarchy and the metrical grid are both hierarchies and they map to each other as hierarchies. Mapping is required by the violable MAP family of constraints, constraints that require prosodic categories to map to grid entries. The MATCH family of constraints requires faithful correspondence between prosodic categories and syntactic or morphological categories. It requires both that the correspondence relation exist and that that correspondents share key elements. Simple MATCH constraints require correspondents to have exactly the same set of terminal elements. LexMatch constraints require correspondents to have the same set of lexical terminal elements. LexMatch constraints ignore functional terminal elements.

“Ideals of Beauty” records the spread of idealist aesthetics from Kant, through European natural philosophy of the nineteenth century, to popular anthropology published in Victorian Britain and the American Civil War. Based on archival research, the chapter adduces a link between two influential, though largely forgotten, pieces of propaganda: Miscegenation, an invidious pamphlet that promoted interacial marriage in order to incite anti-abolitionist feelings; and Beauty: Illustrated Chiefly by an Analysis and Classification of Beauty in Woman (1836) by the Scottish anatomist Alexander Walker. Translating high Kantian theory into a more quotidian, though no less potent, ideological idiom, Miscegenation and Beauty adapt anthropological classifications in order to circumscribe categories of race and gender: black, white, male, female, and mixed-race types epitomize species of physiological perfection in these texts.

While most accounts see worshippers of Saturn as indigenous Africans or rural peasants, this chapter argues that stele-dedicants used stelae to articulate positions for themselves within the frameworks of the wider empire. Unlike earlier stelae, which worked to imagine stele-dedicants as a horizontal community of equals, stelae dedicated from the first century BCE onward became billboards that asserted the prestige of dedicants in the deeply localized but also vertically structured world of the Roman Empire. This can be seen in the adoption of new anthropocentric iconographies that adapt a koine of imagery, the composition of stelae, and new titles for worshippers like sacerdos that are borrowed from a civic sphere.

Chapter 5 details the workings of social estates of eighteenth-century Germany. Many of Goethe’s works of prose and drama either directly depict his own society, or transpose significant features of that social world to a different historical setting. The chapter highlights the differences in the social organisation of rural areas on the one hand, and of towns and cities on the other. Further, it distinguishes between the social structure of Frankfurt, Goethe’s birthplace and a large city, and Weimar, a small residence town with the duke at the top of its hierarchy.