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Cosmological fine-tuning: the view from 2025
Geraint Lewis, Luke Barnes, Philip Goff
Journal:

Religious Studies , First View

Published online by Cambridge University Press:

08 October 2025, pp. 1-11
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In recent decades, it has become clear that if our universe had been born with slightly different physics, e.g. if the masses of fundamental particles were altered by a tiny fraction, it would be sterile and uninhabitable. We explore the current state of the evidence for this cosmological fine-tuning. We then explore three possible explanations of fine-tuning: traditional theism, the multiverse hypothesis, and a pantheistic God of limited power.

28 - General relativistic aspects of inflationary cosmology
Horatiu Nastase, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo
Book:

General Relativity

Published online:

24 April 2025

Print publication:

08 May 2025, pp 311-322
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Summary

We consider inflationary cosmology, but only general relativistic aspects of it. We first show some of the important problems with standard (Hot Big Bang) cosmology before inflation. Then we describe the general paradigm of inflation, and how it solves the cosmological problems. We specialize to inflation with a single scalar field, and moreover to slow-roll inflation. Finally, we calculate the fluctuations spectrum during inflation.

1 - Introduction
from Part I - Setting the Stage
Simon Friederich, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Book:

Multiverse Theories

Published online:

07 January 2021

Print publication:

28 January 2021, pp 3-19
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Summary

Multiverse theories are physical theories according to which we have empirical access only to a tiny part of reality that may not be representative of the whole. The idea that we might live in a multiverse is often suggested as a response to the finding that various parameters seem fine-tuned for life. The combination of string theory and inflationary cosmology is taken to propose a specific implementation of the multiverse idea: the landscape multiverse. I review these lines of thought and outline the structure of the book. I also highlight its central theses and ideas.