This article examines exile as a mode of punishment and governance in the late Ottoman Empire. Drawing on foreign ministry and diplomatic records, intergovernmental correspondence, and penal legislation, I argue that exile was part of an expansive and legally entrenched system of punitive mobility characterized by the forced movement of convicts. Against narratives that treat imprisonment as the defining mode of modern punishment, I show how the lines between exile and incarceration were blurred in law and practice across the Tanzimat (1839–1876) and Hamidian (1876–1909) eras. At the center of this analysis of attempts to expand the exile regime are proposals—inspired by Imperial Russia but consistent with Ottoman policies of internal deportation and settlement—to establish settler penal colonies in Yemen and Libya that would simultaneously purge the imperial interior of seditious subjects and develop frontier provinces through convict labor. In tracing the emergence and denouement of these plans for creating an “Ottoman Siberia,” the article explores how proposed convict settlement intersected with the pressures of managing Muslim refugees and migrants (muhacirin). While plans for both free and unfree settlement were shaped by overlapping spatial imaginaries and developmentalist logics, the article considers why migrants were prioritized. Recovering this history situates the Ottomans within global histories of convict transport that have been dominated by the study of maritime colonial empires. It raises productive questions about the place of exile in governing an empire defined by movement and about how Russian exile shaped the parameters of Ottoman punitive mobility.