In the conclusion, we weave together the themes of the volume. We trace three historically overlapping configurations corruption and colonialism, corruption and modernity, and neoliberalism and anti-corruptionism and suggest that we may be entering into a one (a fourth one) characterized by illiberalism. Additionally, we propose “deep analogies” that cross-cut the configurations, including corruption’s inevitable intertwining with power, institutional sedimentation, and processes of evaluation.

In this introduction, we highlight the importance of psychological viewpoints to understand the dynamics of how, why and in what way relations between social groups do and do not change. Systems are defined as sets of interconnected elements that form a complex whole that is more than the sum of their parts. This definition underlies our discussions of how social systems change and the resistance to social change through the chapters. In this introduction, the main focus of each chapter is briefly presented, as well as the interconnections between them.

This chapter introduces key themes of the "new psychology" of intergroup relations within systems, highlighting interconnection, intersectionality, temporal cycles, tipping points, and imagination. It challenges the limitations of ‘traditional’ psychology in addressing social change and emphasises the potential of these new approaches. The chapter begins by exploring systems thinking, recognizing that groups are internally divided and externally connected by intersecting identities, so changes within one element affect broader social structures. Intersectionality, critical theories and positioning theory are discussed to understand complex group interactions and power dynamics. The chapter also connects people and groups across time, emphasising the influence of historical context and the importance of future imagination in shaping present actions. It highlights the non-linear nature of social change, marked by tipping points. Finally, the chapter considers humans as part of larger biological and environmental systems, underscoring the interaction between social and physical environments, including the impact of climate change on group identities and norms.

This chapter explores the temporal context of social change, including how scholars have studied changes over time through longitudinal research. It highlights the importance of understanding how the past, present and future interact to shape the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups. The chapter reviews key topics such as salience, threat, collective memories and narratives, emphasising their roles in the psychology of groups that act across time and space. Cyclical temporal changes are proposed to be understudied, and the need for comparative, predictive models to better understand recurring rhythms is discussed. The chapter discusses how experiences of the present are influenced by past histories and future anticipations, and the impact of social context on identity salience and intergroup relations. Lastly, the chapter explores how collective futures, including utopias and dystopias, influence motivation and action, exploring the balance of threat and hope in relation to effective collective action.

This chapter examines the long-term development of inequality in Europe, focusing on disparities between individuals, households and nations. It explores how social and economic inequalities have evolved over time, influenced by economic forces as well as factors such as gender, race and class. The chapter also considers global inequality, discussing the gap between rich and poor nations and the factors that have contributed to economic divergence or convergence. By analysing the historical roots of inequality and the role of institutions in mitigating or exacerbating it, the chapter provides insights into the social and economic consequences of unequal income distribution and how it shapes economic policy debates today.

Opening with observations about public anxieties around the effects of rapid social change on children, this chapter offers a model of child socialization developed within psychological anthropology that provides more nuanced ways of thinking about how children are shaped by particular social and cultural contexts and children’s active participation in them. Drawing from experientially close, child-centered ethnographies, this chapter challenges dichotomous understandings of social change that flatten the rich variability and connectedness of societies and obscure the complex historical trajectories and emergent dynamics that shape such variability and connectedness. Alternatively, Chapin and Xu argue that all human communities must contend with the often-conflicted processes of fostering both individuality and sociality in children’s development in locally appropriate ways. The final section of the chapter challenges the view of children as passive recipients of socialization processes, arguing instead that children are agents who actively contribute to processes of social change.

This chapter reviews recent anthropological studies of adolescence and youth. Some of the earliest research in psychological anthropology focused on this lifespan period. This early work insisted that social and cultural factors shaped the varieties of adolescent experiences both within and across societies, and that the social problems of youth were a political problem rather than an inevitable outcome of a universal life stage. Systematic research on adolescence and youth did not emerge until the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. These studies are organized into four themes: (1) adolescence as a liminal period; (2) adolescent vulnerabilities that result from social, political, and economic disruptions; (3) young people as instigators and innovators of social change; and (4) young people's social worlds as worthy research topics in themselves. The chapter calls for future research on young people that focuses on individual experiences within larger systems of power, such as the historical legacies of Western imperialism. Attending to these larger systems of power will provide greater awareness of how these systems shaped past research.

This chapter argues that researchers in child development and children’s well-being should take culture seriously by showing how social and cultural settings in which children grow up matter for understanding the varieties of childhoods documented ethnographically. It begins with a historical review of anthropological research on childhood and children’s worlds. Much of the early work on children’s development in culture focused on how children become competent members of their societies. This tended to present children’s development in locally normative terms and social and cultural development as static. Later research focused on the problem of accelerating global social change and documented the struggles children, their families, and communities confronted in the face of social change. It also examined the positive role children played, particularly as sources of innovation in adaptive strategies. Children were seen less as sites of internalization and more as agents of active participation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the strengths that psychological anthropologists bring to childhood studies and possible future directions for new research.

1. When was the last time you had a social work conversation-that-mattered? Who was it with? What did you discuss? How did you feel? What was the outcome? 2. What do you do that gives your social work meaning and purpose? 3. What are the existing possibilities and dilemmas facing social work? 4. What is the social worker’s key role in an era of profound social change? 5. In what ways do you see your social work being in the business of building a better world?

The concluding chapter reiterates the goal of the book: to offer a solution to animals’ lack of legal inclusion by offering a new foundation of legal subjectivity. The Principle of Multispecies Legality provides such a foundation for animals and, indeed, all those beings and entities with interests. By contrast with the present paradigm of legal personhood, the PML is not premised on a vision of the ‘archetypal’ human which serves to exclude not only animals but also many vulnerable human groups. The PML is also an improvement over the rights of nature, in that it more straightforwardly recognises the interests and worth of individual animals and does not maintain the ontological barrier between humans and all other nature. Finally, we are reminded that making change takes a multispecies village: that the PML is only as good as those who are willing to implement it. In order to ensure real change for animals and other interested beings, we need to work to encourage greater respect for the non-human world.

Chapter 8 draws on sociological literature in debating whether law – however drafted – is capable of solving the complex problem of discrimination against people who look different. It argues that, although we should not expect too much of law in tackling the complex social problem of appearance bias, strategically targeted laws can sometimes play a part in changing attitudes, norms and behaviours. While prohibitions on discrimination are important for remedial purposes, other types of legal and social reform may be better placed to create the conditions for greater inclusion of people with visible differences.