Neuroendoscopy has evolved from its ancient Egyptian origins to a vital tool in modern neurosurgery. Initially, developments stagnated due to prohibitions on human dissection and technological limitations. The late eighteenth century saw advancements with Philipp Bozzini’s “Lichtleiter” and the invention of incandescent bulbs. Significant progress in the twentieth century included the first neuroendoscopy attempts and improvements in fiber optics by Harold Hopkins and Karl Storz. Neuroendoscopy became widely accepted in the 1980s for procedures such as ventriculoscopy and endonasal surgeries, driven by the need for less invasive techniques. Modern applications include spinal endoscopy and endoscopy-assisted surgeries. Innovations such as three-dimensional endoscopy, augmented reality, and remote teaching have expanded its use and accessibility globally, improving surgical outcomes and training. Despite technological challenges, neuroendoscopy continues to advance, offering promising future developments.

The integration of computers in neurosurgery has revolutionized the field, transitioning it from reliance on anatomical knowledge to leveraging advanced technology for enhanced precision and outcomes. Since the mid-twentieth century, the adoption of computers facilitated significant advancements in diagnosis, surgical precision, and three-dimensional orientation. Technologies such as stereotactic neuro-navigation, virtual reality (VR), intra-operative imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI) have been pivotal. Stereotactic navigation aids real-time visualization during surgery, while VR assists in surgical simulations and planning. Intra-operative imaging such as CT and MRI provides updated visuals for accurate navigation. AI and machine learning enhance diagnosis, risk assessment, and surgical planning. The integration of these technologies has improved patient outcomes, but also presents challenges such as ethical considerations and potential overreliance on AI. The future of neurosurgery will continue to intertwine with technological advancements, requiring neurosurgeons to stay abreast of emerging tools and techniques.