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We have used the Automated Plate Scanner (APS) at the University of Minnesota to digitize glass copies of the blue and red plates of the original Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS I) with |b| > 20°. The APS Image Database is a database of all digitized images larger than the photographic noise threshold. It includes all of the matched images in the object catalog, as well as those unmatched images above the noise threshold. The matched image data of the catalog has the advantage of confirming the reality of the image. This is especially important for small images near the plate limit. But these are not all of the detected real images; very blue or very red faint objects may be excluded by this matching requirement. The image database allows information on them to be retrieved, and is therefore a valuable complement to the object catalog. The operation of the APS and the scanning procedures are described in detail in Pennington et al. (1993). We are now processing plate data into the image database. A set of query forms, a tutorial and documentation can be found at http://isis.spa.umn.edu/IDB/homepage.idb.html.
This paper highlights the role that the World Wide Web (WWW) has to play as an aid to psychiatry. A basic history of the WWW is provided as is an introduction to some search techniques involved with the WWW. The literature on applications potentially relevant to psychiatry is reviewed using computer search facilities (BIDS, PsychLit and Medline). The WWW is one of the aspects of the Internet that possesses a huge potential for exploitation, both the clinical and research psychiatrist are able to benefit from its use.
Fourier coefficients are a valuable tool in the study of a wide variety of pulsating stars. They can be used to derive various physical parameters, including mass, luminosity, metallicity and effective temperature and are frequently used to discriminate between different pulsation modes. With the increase in large-scale surveys and the availability of data on the Internet, the number of Fourier coefficients available for study has expanded greatly and it is difficult to find all current data for individual stars or a subset of stars. To assist others in obtaining and making use of Fourier coefficients, an archive of published values of Fourier coefficients has been set up. Users can search for data on individual stars or for a range of parameters. Several Java programs are used to display the data in a variety of ways. The archive is located at the Web site http://www.earth.uni.edu/fourier/.
The observation of an area of 120° × 56° centered on RA=8h DEC=20° at 408 MHz was the first astronomical use of the MPIfR 100-m telescope (1970) and was designed to compile a complete sky survey using also data from Jodrell Bank and Parkes (Haslam et al., 1982). The observation of the northern sky at 1420 MHz started in 1972 using the Stockert 25-m telescope and was finished in 1976 (Reich and Reich 1986). This survey has been completed to an all sky survey using data from Villa Elisa (Argentina). The two surveys are absolutely calibrated. The angular resolutions are 0.8° and 0.59°, respectively. A number of surveys of the Galactic plane have been made with the 100-m telescope at arc minute angular resolution. Surveys at 2695 MHz (|b| ≤ 5°) (Reich et al. 1990, Fürst et al. 1990) and at 1410 MHz (|b| < 4°) (Reich et al. 1990) are public.
At medium Galactic latitudes (up to |b| = 20°) the emission consists mainly of faint extended ridges or arcs superimposed on the still dominating, about 10 times stronger, diffuse Galactic emission. They have never been investigated in a systematic way although they provide important clues for the understanding of the “disk-halo connection”. This region is covered by new observations at 1400 MHz with the 100-m telescope.
Die Rezeption der Inszenierungen des deutschen Regisseurs Peter Konwitschny (geb. 1945) im Bereich der japanischen Opernregie lässt sich in Bezug auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Opernkultur in Fernost unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten untersuchen. Sie ist mit der Frage verknüpft, warum die europäische Oper—d.h. die europäischen Musiktheaterstücke, welche vom siebzehnten Jahrhundert bis Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts von den europäischen Komponisten und Librettisten geschaffen wurden und bis heute als sogenannte Repertoirestücke weltweit aufgeführt werden—und überhaupt die europäische klassische Musik sich in Ostasien seit dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert so rasch verbreitet haben und so beliebt wurden. Dieser Beitrag beschränkt sich aber speziell auf Japan und insbesondere die Regiearbeiten der japanischen Schüler von Konwitschny. Die Oper ist in den drei ostasiatischen Ländern (China, Korea und Japan) je nach dem politischen Kontext (z.B. in China durch die kommunistische Zeit und in Korea unter dem starken amerikanischen Einfluss) unterschiedlich rezipiert worden—für eine ausführlichere Rezeptionsgeschichte der Oper in Fernost ist hier aber nicht der Ort.
Zur Vorbereitung dieses Beitrags habe ich die Proben und Premieren zweier Operninszenierungen von Konwitschny in Tokio (Verdis Macbeth 2013 und von Webers Der Freischütz 2018) besucht und als Zuhörerin an seinem Workshop in der Sommerakademie in Biwako Hall in Otsu 2014 teilgenommen. Darüber hinaus gab es zahlreiche Gespräche und Interviews zwischen dem Regisseur, den japanischen Mitwirkenden und mir vor Ort. Außerdem überließen mir einige der japanischen Regieschüler von Konwitschny Mitschnitte ihrer eigenen Regieprojekte. Des Weiteren unternahm ich im Dezember 2018 eine Forschungsreise nach Tokio mit freundlicher Unterstützung von Prof. Dr. Günther Heeg (Direktor des CCT Leipzig) und Prof. Dr. Eiichiro Hirata (Keio Universität Tokio). Dabei hielt ich zwei Vorträge über das vorliegende Thema an der Keio Universität Tokio und führte anschließend vertiefte Diskussionen mit japanischen Theaterwissenschaftlern und -praktikern.
I. Aufnahme und Verbreitung der Oper in Japan
Nach Ostasien gelangte die europäische Oper Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Es gab zwar bereits gegen Ende des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts ein paar Aufführungen von ausgewählten Opernszenen in Form einer Präsentation, die durch europäische Diplomaten und Missionare in Japan organisiert wurde, und einige Opernaufführungen durch unbekannte europäische Operntruppen in China. Die erste nachgewiesene komplette Opernvorstellung in Japan durch einheimisches Personal war Glucks Orfeo ed Euridice 1903 am Tokyo Music College.
The status of the WWW-based Fourier Coefficient web site is presented. Currently the database has coefficients for not only galactic field variables, but also those found in globular clusters and other galaxies, including the Magellanic Clouds. The database can be used to show various correlations between physical characteristics of the stars and the coefficients, as well as inter-relationships between the coefficients themselves. The database is accessible at http://nitro9.earth.uni.edu/fourier/.
Economists choose theories and they choose ways of pursuing theories, and they leave others unchosen. Why do economists choose the way they do? How should economists choose? What are the objectives and what are the constraints? What should they be? The questions are both descriptive and prescriptive.
There are two broad classes of “criteria of choice” that have been somewhat systematically considered in the recent literature on economic methodology:
Empirical criteria. There are several possible ways of incorporating empirical criteria in one's theory of science. The respective methodology of theory assessment may be static or dynamic, it may be deductivist or inductivist, it may include various ideas of what constitutes empirical evidence, and so on. What they all share is the general idea that scientific theories are, or are to be, checked against empirical evidence according to some rules, and that this determines the choice of theory.
Social criteria. Again, there are several options. The social criteria may be related to the social interests of scientists or larger social collectives, they may be based on the persuasiveness and tradition-boundedness of theories, they may involve social or moral norms, they may be derived from various costs and benefits of holding a theory in a given research community, and so on. If they involve empirical data, it is the social aspects of the data that matter. What all these views share is that scientific theories are taken to have social attributes (functions, consequences) that play or should play a major role in theory choice.