Gender

(gendered)

Gender is a term used to differentiate between the masculinity and femininity of people and their characteristics. It moves beyond dividing people into biological sexes of male or female. Gender is a social construction. It has been an important tenet of feminism that the social differences between men and women are not naturally occurring but are constructed by social practices, norms and beliefs.

For example, the gendered nature of parenting has been questioned and feminists have argued that it is not a natural occurrence for women to do the vast majority of child care in the home. Rather this occurs due to social expectations and the traditional practice of mothers' roles as primary carers and men's roles as ‘bread-winners’. This also relates to the social perception identified by feminists of a hierarchical divide between public- and private- sphere responsibilities. This means that private-sphere caring work is constructed by society as women's work and not as important as paid work and political work in the public sphere. Gendering is a dynamic process, not a static one, which means that our understanding of gendered practices changes over time. This can be seen with the increasing economic contribution that mothers make to families through undertaking paid work outside the home. Conversely, fathers now also spend more time with children doing caring work than at any other stage in Australian history.

Gender can also be seen in how we think about paid work in general in that some jobs are more likely to be seen as masculine jobs and some jobs as feminine.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.172–4; Manly & Rickert i.170–82; M. B. Parkes and R. Beadle, Geoffrey Chaucer: Poetical Works: A Facsimile of Cambridge University Library Gg.4.27 (Cambridge, 1980); Seymour 1 pp. 19, 68–70, 83; Seymour 2 pp. 47–51; Binski & Panayotova pp. 276–8, no. 130. Now bound in 2 parts as Gg.4.27.1 and Gg.4.27.2

[1]

Part 1, f. 327

… ʒoureself dystroye senec seyth the wyse man schal nat take to greet disconfort for the deth of hise childeryn but certis he schulde sufferyn it in pacience as wel as he abydyth the deth of hise propere persone this melibeus answerde anoone and seyde what man quod he schulde of his wepynge stynte …

f. 349v

… i preye ʒow that in this necescite and this neede ʒe caste ʒow to ouercome ʒoure herte for senek seyth that he that ouercomyth …

Chaucer, ‘The Tale of Melibee’. Begins (at line 2173) and ends imperfectly (at line 3049) due to loss of leaves from MS. IPMEP 18; Wells XVI:66.

Other texts: See Dd.4.24 [2].

[2]

Part 1, f. 401

… men in certeyn cas as for to goon perauenture nakid in pilgrymage or barefot pryue penaunce is thilke that men doon alday for certeyn synnys that been priue of whiche we schryue us pryuely and receyue priue penaunce now schalt thow undyrstonde what is behofly and necessarie to verray parfit penytence …

f. 443v

… the plente of ioye wiþ hungir and thurst and the reste by trauayle and the lyf be deth and mortificacioun of synne.

Chaucer, ‘The Parson's Tale’. Begins incompletely (at line 105), and has several omissions, due to loss of leaves from MS. IPMEP 529; Wells XVI:89.

Other texts: IPMEP lists 48 MSS containing ‘The Parson's Tale’. See Ii.3.26 [2] and Mm.2.5 [2]. For other copies already indexed see IMEP 2 indexing Manchester Rylands Eng 113 [2]; IMEP 8 indexing Oxf. Christ Church Col 152 [2], Corpus Christi Col 198 [2], New Col 314 [2], and Trinity Col 49 [2]; IMEP 11 indexing Camb. Trinity Col R.3.3 [2] and R.3.15 [2]; IMEP 16 indexing BodL Laud misc 600 [2]; IMEP 18 indexing Camb. Fitzwilliam McClean 181 [2].

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.177–82.

[1]

f. 21

Ich bileue on god fader al mihti scheppere of heuene and of erþe andreas and in iesu crist his oune lepi sone louerd oure johannes þat was kenned þorgh þe holie gost and boren of þe mayden marie jacobus maior y pined under ponce pilate on þe rode idon deþ þolede and iberied was …

… in forʒiuenesse of sennes iudas thadeus flessces uprist mathias þat ilke lif to habbe þat eure schal laste so mote hit bitide amen.

Apostles’ Creed, with Latin incipit, and with each clause attributed to one of the apostles whose names are given in red. ‘How the Apostles Made the Creed’, Wells Rev. 7:2511–12 [40].

Other texts: See Dd.14.26 [A27].

s. xiv.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.46–7; Seymour, ‘Travels’ pp. 193–4. Now bound as 4 volumes with separate foliation.

[1]

Part 2, f. 2

… not be assembled long togither but that it is by disperprelyng and enpoveryng his reaume and he saith if a goode king be slow to serche and to enquere of the dedis of his nobles and of his peple and of his ennemyes he shall not be oo day surelie in his reaume and he saith that …

f. 109v

… and this sufficethe of the translacion of the morall saiengis of philosophres and wisist clerkis yn theire daies lyving in vertue albeit the more parte of tho clerkis were paynems and lyved before the incarnacion of criste and which booke was translated into englisshe at the instaunce of sir john fastolffe knyght baron of cyllyegwyllem the yere of of crist miiij and this booke was of the new correctid and examyned by william wyrcestre the monyth of marche the yere of crist m iiii lxxii endyng after the origynall and perrafed also for more opyn and redye undrestanding.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.228–9.

[A58]

s. xv.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.216–17; Baker & Ringrose pp. 307–10.

[1]

f. 127–130v

Articles of agreement between Henry VI and Richard, duke of York, in 1460, concerning Richard's claim to the throne, beginning: ‘Blessed by ihesu in whos handes and bounte restith and is the pees …’; with Latin incipit and explicit.

Other texts: BL Add 48031A ff. 130v–34 (111v–15 in the original scribal foliation).

s. xv ex.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.152; Robinson no. 42 (pl. 284).

[1]

f. 1v

To my souereyn lord edward be þe grace of god kyng of ynglond and of frauns lord of yrland a pore frere of þe heremites of seynt austyn in þe conuent of lenne sendith prayer obediens subieccion and al þat euir be ony deute a prest schuld offir on to his kyng it is sumwhat diuulgid …

f. 2v

… god for his mercy fulfill þat he hath begunne send our kyng edward good lyf and good gouernauns and aftir his labour good reward in þe blys of heuene amen ʒoure seruaunt capgraue.

Dedicatory preface to Edward IV, preceding John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion of Cronicles; see [2] below.

[2]

f. 3

Anno mundi i the first man adam was mad on a friday withoute modir withoute fader in þe feld of damask and fro þat place led into paradise to dwelle þere aftir dryuyn oute for synne whanne he had lyued nyne hundrid ʒere and xxx he deied byried in hebron his hed was lift with þe flood and leyd in golgatha …

f. 104v

… for fadir of all þe cherch ferþermore þat of euery nacion schuld be chosen sex prelatis whech schuld be in þe conclaue with þe cardinales and haue voys in þe same eleccion.

John Capgrave, Abbreuiacion of Chonicles. Chronicle of England to 1417. IPMEP 673; Wells Rev. 8:2882–6 [36]. Ed. from this MS by Lucas.

Other texts: Camb. Corpus Christi Col 167. For an eighteenth-century transcript of extracts from Gg.4.12 see Mm.1.44 [1–2].

Inscriptions: f. 1 ‘FytzWylliam’; f. 105v ‘John Welshe’ and ‘John Campynett’ (‘Campynell’?).

s. xv med; Capgrave's holograph, dated by Robinson to 1461–4; see also Lucas p. xxix. LALME I:67: Norfolk. It should be noted that the statement in Wells Rev. 7:2510 [38] that this MS contains a copy of the Apostle's Creed on f. 12 is incorrect and probably arises from confusion with Gg.4.32 f. 21.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.228.

[1]

f. 1

… or perel or swerd as it is writen for wee been slayn al day for þee wee been gessid as scheep of slauʒtir but in alle þese þingis wee ouercomen for hym þat louede us but i am certeyn þat neiþer deeþ neiþer lijf neiþer aungelis neiþer principatis neiþer vertues …

f. 174v

… he seiþ þat beriþ witnessyng of þese þingis ʒhe amen i come sone amen come þou lord iesu the grace of oure lord iesu crist be wiþ ʒou alle amen deo gracias.

Wycliffite New Testament, later version. IPMEP 119; Wells Rev. 2:547–50 [52]. See Lindberg, ‘Manuscripts’ p. 335.

Other texts: See Dd.1.27 [1].

s. xv.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.184–92; Baker & Ringrose pp. 289–95.

[A56]

s. xv.

Described Hardwick & Luard: iii.82.

[1]

f. 2v

Uryn is as mykyl to seyne in englissh as on in the reyns reyns frensh renes latyn lendis in english if thou wilt witen wittirly what arn the reyns se in the 2 book the 4 chapytre de albo colore and vryn is called on in the reyns for ther hit is kendely and formly causid …

f. 168v

… because of mortyficacion kynde hete is ouercomyn and quenchid and fordon thurgh excesse of malyce of the mater and of the maladye.

‘Liber vricrisiarum’, identified in incipit and explicit with attribution to Henry Daniel. The long version of Henry Daniel's Liber Uricrisiarum or Dome of Urynes. Preceded by a Latin prefatory letter (ff. 1–2). Wells Rev.10:3851–2 [300].

Other texts: See Ff.2.6 [1].

s. xv.