AI is evolving rapidly and is poised to have far-reaching societal and global impacts, including in the military domain. AI offers cognitive reasoning and learning about problem domains –processing large quantities of data to develop situational awareness, generate solution goals, recommend courses of action, and provide robotic systems with the means for sense-making, guidance, actions, and autonomy. This chapter explores metacognition – an emerging and revolutionary technology that is enabling AI to become self-aware – to think and reason about its own cognition. This chapter explores metacognition applications in the military domain, focusing on four areas: (1) improving human interaction with AI systems, (2) providing safe and ethical AI behavior, (3) enabling autonomous systems, and (4) improving automated decision aids. The chapter begins with an overview of foundational AI and metacognition concepts, followed by a discussion of the potential contribution of metacognition to improve military operations. The chapter concludes with speculations concerning the more distant future of metacognition and its implications on AI systems and warfare.

We study the performance of a commercially available large language model (LLM) known as ChatGPT on math word problems (MWPs) from the dataset DRAW-1K. To our knowledge, this is the first independent evaluation of ChatGPT. We found that ChatGPT’s performance changes dramatically based on the requirement to show its work, failing $20\%$ of the time when it provides work compared with $84\%$ when it does not. Further, several factors about MWPs relate to the number of unknowns and number of operations that lead to a higher probability of failure when compared with the prior, specifically noting (across all experiments) that the probability of failure increases linearly with the number of addition and subtraction operations. We also have released the dataset of ChatGPT’s responses to the MWPs to support further work on the characterization of LLM performance and present baseline machine learning models to predict if ChatGPT can correctly answer an MWP.

This chapter draws on a year of fieldwork with housing activists in Berlin to examine law as a cultural archive of putatively long-defunct utopian visions, and at once as the key for resurrecting these visions in the present. In the German elections of September 2021 a referendum for expropriating hundreds of thousands of apartments owned by real-estate multinationals in the federal state of Berlin won by a resounding majority, to the surprise of both supporters and detractors. The inclusion of the referendum on the Berlin ballot represented the successful culmination of several years of intensive organizing and campaigning by a grassroots movement facing a largely uncooperative and antagonistic government led by the Social Democrats. The movement based its campaign on an article in the German constitution that grants federal as well as state governments the power to “socialize” private property on a massive scale. Included in the 1949 constitution with the support not only of the Social Democrats who now oppose it but also of many conservatives, the article reflects a bygone time when competing visions of how best to structure Germany’s economy had not yet reached a political resolution, when ideas about the supremacy of public over private interests held sway over broad constituencies, and when aspirations for the collective ownership of the means of production were central to working-class discourses. Notably for how these struggles panned out, this article has never been used in the history of the Federal Republic. The chapter examines how contemporary housing activists seek to reanimate such past futurities through their legal afterlives, locating in the law the potential for a radical change that in contrast with the largely ineffective impact of existing rent regulations and city ordinances would fundamentally transform the nature of the real-estate market from the ground up. The chapter argues that far from naively staking their hopes on law, these activists elaborate creative strategies for reckoning with the limits that an antagonistic political conjuncture as well as enduring hegemonic ideologies about the market place upon it.

Large-scale circulation involves the interaction of the lower and middle-upper troposphere, influencing synoptic-scale circulation, regional climate, teleconnections, and paleoclimate proxies. Described by the westerly vortex and jetstreams, the subtropical ridge, vortex asymmetry, and the South Pacific Split Jet, it is a framework for interpreting the natural archive and proxies. Southern and Northern Hemisphere pressure fields are described through planetary wave modes and zonal wave number indices. Anticyclone, cyclone, subtropical, mid-latitude, and subpolar storm-track and blocking climatologies and their influence on climate and hydrological change are presented. The chapter covers synoptic circulation, classical air-mass types, their source regions and temperature/humidity characteristics, and air-mass streamline trajectories; tropical depressions and cyclone storm tracks, easterly waves, blocking, and subtropical cyclones; mid-latitude synoptic systems including frontal lows, cut-off lows, and cold air outbreaks; and tropical–extratropical interaction with cloud bands, tropical–temperate troughs, atmospheric rivers, and warm-air incursions to the poles.

The formative years of life provide the most important elements to equip children with the capacity to learn. Therefore, underpinnings for art pedagogy for Australian First Nations early childhood education should ensure that educators and teachers may contribute environmental foundations for children’s learning while ensuring that children have effective resources to prepare them for an ever-changing world. The challenge is balancing the expectations of the home with the expectations of teaching and learning in early childhood educational settings.

A company is a legal entity, distinct from its creators, members, directors and managers. Chapter 3 of this book discusses the separate legal status of the company in detail. For the purposes of this current chapter, we emphasise that for a company to come into existence there must be a conferral of that status by the state. Unlike some other forms of association, such as a partnership, it is not legally effective for a group of people to simply declare themselves to be a company. A company is a type of corporation. The corporate status of a company is brought into existence through a process of registration under the Corporations Act. Other types of corporate entities are created by different legislative mechanisms, and we briefly describe some of these later in this chapter.

This chapter describes the range of basic company structures available under the Corporations Act, focusing on three ways in which companies can be categorised: their proprietary or public status; how they structure the liability of their members; and their relationship to other companies. The chapter examines the role of corporate groups, as well as the difference between closely-held, one-person, and widely-held companies.

During the winding up process, the business of the company is brought to an end, its assets are collected and sold, and the proceeds applied in accordance with the priorities set out in the Corporations Act. First, the proceeds are applied to creditors and any balance is paid to shareholders. Thereafter, the company is deregistered and ceases to exist. Winding up may be either compulsory (court-ordered) or voluntary. The most common reason for winding up or liquidation is the company’s insolvency.

A note on terminology: the terms ‘winding up’ and ‘liquidation’ are sometimes used interchangeably and at other times they are differentiated. For the purposes of explanation in this chapter we separate these terms. ‘Winding up’ is used to refer to the whole process as just described; this accords with the language of the Corporations Act Parts 5.4 to 5.7. ‘Liquidation’ refers to the particular task of realizing (or selling) the company’s assets so that the proceeds are available to be distributed to creditors (and possibly shareholders). Note, however, that the term ‘liquidator’ is used in the Act, and in practice, to refer to the person appointed to conduct the whole winding up process.

Chapter 3 considers different approaches to data collection. Three case studies are included. The first study involves a purpose-built corpus of news articles about obesity. We focus on theoretical considerations attending to corpus design, as well as practical challenges involved in processing texts provided by repositories such as LexisNexis to make them amenable to corpus analysis. The second study focuses on how corpus linguists might work with existing datasets, in this case, transcripts collected by research collaborators conducting ethnographic research in Australian Emergency Departments. We discuss the ways in which data collected for the purposes of different kinds of analysis is likely to require some pre-processing before it becomes suitable for corpus-based analysis. The third study is concerned with the creation of a corpus of anti-vaccination literature from Victorian England. We discuss the challenges involved in sourcing historical material from existing databases, selecting a principled set of potential texts for inclusion, and using optical character recognition (OCR) software to convert the texts into a format that is appropriate for corpus tools.

This is the first of three chapters dealing in depth with directors’ duties, following the overview provided in Chapter 10. The duties are divided into two themes: duties of care, skill and diligence, and duties of loyalty and good faith. The focus in this chapter is on the duties of care, skill and diligence. These duties are imposed by the common law, equity and the Corporations Act. This chapter commences with the common law and equitable foundations of the duty of care, skill and diligence, and considers their adoption into statute and the current law. It examines the safe harbour provided by the business judgment rule, and recent discussion on the scope and application of that rule. This chapter examines the ability of directors to delegate their duties and to reasonably rely on the information or advice provided by certain types of persons. Finally, the chapter considers the requirements imposed on directors and officers as a company approaches insolvency. The chapters which follow then consider the duties of loyalty and good faith.