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Permian–Triassic phylogenetic and morphologic evolution of rhynchonellide brachiopods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2021

Zhen Guo ,
Zhong-Qiang Chen Open the ORCID record for Zhong-Qiang Chen [Opens in a new window] ,
David A. T. Harper  and
Yuangeng Huang
Zhen Guo
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China. E-mail: zhenguo@cug.edu.cn, zhong.qiang.chen@cug.edu.cn, yg-huang@foxmail.com
Zhong-Qiang Chen*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China. E-mail: zhenguo@cug.edu.cn, zhong.qiang.chen@cug.edu.cn, yg-huang@foxmail.com
David A. T. Harper
Affiliation:
Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K. E-mail: david.harper@durham.ac.uk
Yuangeng Huang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China. E-mail: zhenguo@cug.edu.cn, zhong.qiang.chen@cug.edu.cn, yg-huang@foxmail.com
*
*Corresponding author.
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Abstract

The Rhynchonellida is a major group of brachiopods that survived the “big five” mass extinctions and flourished after the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) crisis. However, phylogenetic and character evolution in the Rhynchonellida across the P/Tr transition is poorly understood. In view of the widespread homoplasy across this order, we employ a tip-dated Bayesian analysis to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for late Permian–Triassic rhynchonellides. The same data were also analyzed using three other methods: undated Bayesian, equal-weighting, and implied-weighting parsimony. Compared with trees generated by other methods, those constructed by tip-dating best account for the homoplasy in this group and are closer to previous assumptions on the evolution of this order. Based on the analyses of multiple trees, the major increase in lineage richness occurred in the Early and early Middle Triassic. Also, richness in the Anisian almost reached the highest level seen in the Triassic. According to fossil records, a pronounced reduction in shell size and in the development of ornamentation occurred after the P/Tr extinction, which is largely due to the loss of large and highly sculptured genera and the diversification of small-sized and weakly ornamented genera. Ancestral-state estimation of shell size and development of ornamentation, coupled with comparisons of other characters, indicate that the Early–Middle Triassic mature “small-sized taxa” may have characters displayed by juveniles of their ancestors. This suggests that for these genera, paedomorphosis was possibly a strategy to survive and diversify in the harsh environment after the P/Tr extinction.

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Paleobiology , Volume 48 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 99 - 119
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Paleontological Society

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