Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c78cf97d-xcx4r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-24T11:05:53.565Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core

27 - Expert Performance in Sport: A Cognitive Perspective

from PART V.B - ARTS, SPORTS, & MOTOR SKILLS

By
Nicola J. Hodges ,
Janet L. Starkes  and
Clare MacMahon
Edited by
K. Anders Ericsson ,
Neil Charness ,
Paul J. Feltovich  and
Robert R. Hoffman
Nicola J. Hodges
Affiliation:
School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia
Janet L. Starkes
Affiliation:
Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University
Clare MacMahon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Florida State University
K. Anders Ericsson
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Neil Charness
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Paul J. Feltovich
Affiliation:
University of West Florida
Robert R. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of West Florida
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The goal of this chapter is to present what is currently known about expert performance in sport. Research on expert performance in sport is a relatively recent area of inquiry covering only the last 30 years. Our view of its evolution is that there have been three overlapping phases in its development. During the 1970s and 1980s much of sport research employed recipient paradigms popular within experimental and cognitive psychology. Typical research of this time involved testing skilled and less-skilled or novice groups of athletes on sport-specific tests of recall and recognition, temporal and spatial occlusion of visual information, and anticipation (Abernethy, Thomas, & Thomas, 1993; Starkes, Helsen, & Jack, 2000). Again, following general trends in psychology verbal-protocol analyses of expert athletes were also published (Chiesi, Spilich, & Voss, 1979; McPherson, 1993a). At the end of the 1980s and early in the 1990s, developments in the recording and analyses of eye movements (Goulet, Bard, & Fleury, 1989; Vickers, 1992) and kinematic data (Carnahan, 1993) made it feasible to examine the eye movements of expert performers in contrast with less-skilled individuals to determine what athletes focused on and how their eye-movement patterns differed from less-skilled athletes (for reviews see Starkes et al., 2000; Williams, Davids, &Williams, 1999). The focus until the 1990s was largely perceptual-cognitive and aimed at establishing where differences existed between experts and novices within a particular sport domain.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance , pp. 471 - 488
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abernethy, B. (1985). Cue usage in open motor skills: Areview of available procedures in Motor Memory and Control. In Russell, D. G. & Abernethy, B. (Eds.) The Otago Symposium (p. 110–122). Dunedin, NZ: Human Performance Associates.
Abernethy, B. (1988). The effects of age and expertise upon perceptual skill development in a racquet sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59, 210–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abernethy, B. (1990). Expertise, visual search, and information pick-up in squash. Perception, 19, 63–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abernethy, B. (1991) Visual search strategies and decision-making in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 189–210.Google Scholar
Abernethy, B. (1993). Attention. In Singer, R., Murphey, M., & Tennant, L. (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 127–170). New York: McMillan.Google Scholar
Abernethy, B., Burgess-Limerick, R., & Parks, S. (1994). Contrasting approaches to the study of motor expertise. Quest, 46, 186–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abernethy, B., Neal, R. J., & Koning, P. (1994). Visual-perceptual and cognitive differences between expert, intermediate, and novice snooker players. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 185–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abernethy, B., & Russell, D. G. (1984). Advance cue utilization by skilled cricket batsmen. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, 2–10.Google Scholar
Abernethy, B., & Russell, D. G. (1987). Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 326–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abernethy, B., Thomas, K. T., Thomas, J. T. (1993). Strategies for improving understanding of motor expertise (or mistakes we have made and things we have learned!!!). In Starkes, J. L. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 317–358). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Abernethy, B. (1994). The nature of expertise in sport. In Serpa, S., Alves, J., & Pataco, V. (Eds.) International perspectives on sport and exercise psychology (pp. 57–68). Morgantown, WV. : FIT Press.Google Scholar
Adams, J. A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 111–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alain, C., & Proteau, L. (1979). Perception of objective probabilities in motor performance. In Kerr, B. (Ed.) Human performance and behavior (pp. 1–5) Alberta Canada: Banff.Google Scholar
Alain, C., & Proteau, L. (1980). Decision making in sport. In Nadeau, C. H., Halliwell, W. R., Newell, K. M., & Roberts, G. C. (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport (pp. 465–477). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Allard, F., Deakin, J., Parker, S., & Rodgers, W. (1993). Declarative knowledge in skilled motor performance: Byproduct or constituent? In Starkes, J. L. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 95–107). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Allard, F., Graham, S., & Paarsalu, M. L. (1980). Perception in sport: Basketball. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 14–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allard, F., & Starkes, J. L. (1991). Motor-skill experts in sports, dance, and other domains. In Ericsson, K. A. & Smith, J. (Eds), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 126–152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89, 369–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, J., Côté, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). Sport specific training, deliberate practice and the development of expertise in team ball sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 12–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beek, P. J. (2000). Toward a theory of implicit learning in the perceptual-motor domain. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 547–554.Google Scholar
Beek, P. J., Jacobs, D., Daffertshofer, A., & Huys, R. (2003). Expert performance in sport: Views from the joint perspectives of ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 321–344), Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar
Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 701–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beilock, S., Carr, T., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 6–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernasconi, P., & Kohl, J. (1993). Analysis of co-ordination between breathing and exercise rhythms in man. Journal of Physiology, 471, 693–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The co-regulation of movements. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1996). On dexterity and its development. In Latash, M. L. & Turvey, M. T. (Eds.), Dexterity and its development (pp. 3–244). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bootsma, R. J., & Wieringen, P. C. W. (1990). Timing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 21–29.Google Scholar
Borgeaud, P., & Abernethy, B. (1987). Skilled perception in volleyball defense. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 400–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, W. L., & Harter, N. (1897). Studies in the physiology and psychology of the telegraphic language. Psychological Review, 4, 27–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, W. L., & Harter, N. (1899) Studies on the telegraphic language. The acquisition of the hierarchy of habits. Psychological Review, 6, 345–375.Google Scholar
Carnahan, H. (1993). The role of three dimensional analysis in the assessment of motor expertise. In Starkes, J. L. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 35–53). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Cauraugh, J. H., & Janelle, C. M. (2002). Visual search and cue utilisation in racket sports. In Davids, K., Savelsbergh, G., Bennett, S., & Kamp, J. (Eds.), Interceptive actions (pp. 64–89). London: E. & F. N. Spon.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1976). Memory for chess positions: Resistance to interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 641–655.Google Scholar
Charness, N. (1979). Components of skill in bridge. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). The mind's eye in chess. In Chase, W. G. (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 215–282). New York: Acasdemic Press.Google Scholar
Chiesi, H. L. O., Spilich, G. J., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Acquisition of domain related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 257–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, J., & Hay, J. (2002). Children's involvement in sport: A developmental perspective. In Silva, J. M. & Stevens, D. (Eds.), Psychological foundations in sport (pp. 484–502). Boston, MA: Merrill.Google Scholar
Côté, J., Salmela, J. H., Trudel, P., Baria, A., & Russell, S. J. (1995). The coaching model: A grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches' knowledge. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cratty, B. J. (1983). Psychology in contemporary sport: Guidelines for coaches and athletes (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Groot, A. (1978). Thought and choice in chess. The Hague: Mouton. (Original work published in 1946).Google Scholar
Diedrich, F. J., & Warren, W. H. (1995). Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 183–202.Google ScholarPubMed
Duffy, L., Baluch, B., & Ericsson, K. A. (2004). Dart performance as a function of facets of practice amongst professional and amateur men and women players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35, 232–245.Google Scholar
Duffy, L., Baluch, B., & Ericsson, K. A. (Submitted). Gender differences in dart performance: The effects of physical size and differential recruitment rates. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
Eccles, D. W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2004). Why an expert team is more than a team of experts: A cognitive conceptualization of team coordination and communication in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 542–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., & Polson, P. G. (1988). A cognitive explanation of exceptional memory for restaurant orders. In Chi, M. T. H., Glaser, R., & Farr, M. J. (Eds), The nature of expertise (pp. 23–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. (2003). Development of elite performance and deliberate practice: An update from the perspective of the expert performance approach. In Starkes, J. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.) Expert performance in sports: Advance in research on sport expertise. (pp. 49–84). Champaign. Ill.: Human Kinetics.
Fitts, P. M. (1965). Factors in complex skill training. In Glaser, R. (Ed.), Training research and education 177–197. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
French, K. E., Nevett, M. E., Spurgeon, J. H., Graham, K. C., Rink, J. E., & McPherson, S. L. (1996). Knowledge representation and problem solution in expert and novice youth baseball performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66, 194–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, K. E., & Thomas, J. R. (1987). The relation of knowledge development to children's basketball performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, D. J., & Barry, J. R. (1991). Cognitive advantage in sport: The nature of perceptual structures. American Journal of Psychology, 104, 211–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1979). An ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
Goulet, C., Bard, M., & Fleury, C. (1989). Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual search information processing approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 382–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goulet, C., Flevry, M., Bard, C., Yerlès, M., Michaud, D., & Lemine, L. (1988). Analyses des indices visuels prélevés en réception de service au tennis. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 13, 79–87Google Scholar
Helsen, W. F., & Starkes, J. L. (1999). A multidimensional approach to skilled perception and performance in sport. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 1–27.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helsen, W., & Pauwels, J. M. (1993). The relationship between expertise and visual information processing in sport. In Starkes, J. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 109–134). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Hodges, N. J., Kerr, T., Starkes, J. L., Weir, P., & Nanandiou, A. (2004). Predicting performance from ‘deliberate practice’ hours for triathletes and swimmers: What, when and where is practice important? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 10, 219–237.Google Scholar
Huys, R., & Beek, P. J. (2002). The coupling between point-of-gaze and ball movements in three-ball cascade juggling: The effects of expertise, pattern and tempo. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(3), 171–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huys, R., Daffertshofer, A., & Beek, P. J. (2004). The evolution of coordination during skill acquisition: The dynamical systems approach. In Williams, A. M. & Hodges, N. J. (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 351–373). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lee, D. N., Lishman, J. R., & Thompson, J. A. (1982). Regulation of gait in long jumping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 448–459.Google Scholar
Lee, T. D., & Swinnen, S. P. (1993). Three legacies of Bryan and Harter: Automaticity, variability and change in skilled performance. In Starkes, J. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 295–316). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, S. L. (1993a). Knowledge representation and decision-making in sport. In Starkes, J. L. & Allard, F. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 159–188). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
McPherson, S. L. (1993b). The influence of player experience on problem solving during batting preparation in baseball. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 304–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, S. L. (2000). Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22, 39–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, S. L., & French, K. E. (1991). Changes in cognitive strategy and motor skill in tennis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 26–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, S. L. & Kernodle, M. (2003). Tactics, the neglected attribute of expertise: Problem representations and performance skills in tennis. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research in sport expertise (pp. 137–168). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
McPherson, S. L., & Thomas, J. R. (1989). Relation of knowledge and performance in boys' tennis: Age and expertise. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48, 190–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakagawa, A. (1982). A field experiment on recognition of game situations in ball games: The case of static situation in rugby football. Japanese Journal of Physical Education, 27, 17–26.Google Scholar
Nevett, M. E., & French, K. E. (1997). The development of sport-specific planning, rehearsal and updating of plans during defensive youth baseball game performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 203–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nougier, V., Ripoll, H., & Stein, J. (1989). Orienting of attention with highly skilled athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 205–223.Google Scholar
Paull, G., & Glencross, D. (1997). Expert perception and decision making in baseball. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, 35–56.Google Scholar
Perkins-Ceccato, N., Passmore, S. R., & Lee, T. D. (2003). Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 593–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, A. A., Daffertshofer, A., & Beek, P. J. (2000). Principal components in three-ball cascade juggling. Biological Cybernetics, 82, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, E. C. (1957). On predicting skilled movement. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 467–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, T., Williams, A. M., Nevill, A., & Franks, A. (2000). A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 668–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ripoll, H., Kerlirzin, Y., Stein, J. R., & Reine, B. (1995). Analysis of information processing, decision making, and visual strategies in complex problem solving sport situations. Human Movement Science, 14, 929–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmela, J. H., & Moraes, L. C. (2003). Development of expertise: The role of coaching, families, and cultural contexts. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsoon, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 275–294). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar
Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Williams, A. M., Kamp, J., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 279–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, R. A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. A. (1998). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 92, 424–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Chen, O., Steinberg, G. M., & Frehlich, S. G. (1996). Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between skilled and beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smeeton, N. J., Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2004). Do pattern recognition skills transfer across sports? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 205–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starkes, J. L. (1987). Skill in field hockey: The nature of the cognitive advantage. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 146–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starkes, J. L. Motor experts: Opening thoughts. In Starkes, J. L. & Allard, F. (Eds.) Cognitive issues in motor expertise (pp. 3–16). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Starkes, J. L., & Allard, F. (Eds.). (1993). Cognitive issues in motor expertise. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Starkes, J. L., Cullen, J., & MacMahon, C. (2004). A model of skill acquisition and retention of perceptual-motor performance. In Williams, A. M. & Hodges, N. J. (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 259–281). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Starkes, J. L., & Deakin, J. (1984). Perception in sport: A cognitive approach to skilled performance. In Straub, W. F. & Williams, J. M. (Eds.), Cognitive sport psychology, (pp. 115–128). Lansing MI: Sport Science.Google Scholar
Starkes, J. L., Deakin, J. M., Allard, F., Hodges, N. J., & Hayes, A. (1996). Deliberate practice in sports: What is it anyway? In Ericsson, K. A. (Ed.), The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 81–106). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Starkes, J. L., Edwards, P., Dissanayake, P., & Dunn, T. (1995) A new technology and fieldtest of advance cue usage in volley ball. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66, 162–167.CrossRef
Starkes, J. L., Helsen, W. F., & Jack, R. (2000). Expert performance in sport and dance. In Singer, R. N., Hausenblas, H. A., & Janelle, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 174–201). New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Starkes, J. L., Weir, P. L., & Young, B. (2003). Retaining expertise: What does it take for older expert athletes to continue to excel? In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp 251–272). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar
Ste-Marie, D. (2003). Expertise in sport judges and referees: Circumventing information-processing limitations. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research in sport expertise (pp. 169–190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, G. (2003). Expert athletes: An integrated approach to decision-making. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sport: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 191–218). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, G., & Bar-Eli, M. (1993) Decision-making in sport: A cognitive perspective. In Singer, R., Murphey, M., & Tennant, K. (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 171–192). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. R., Gallagher, J., & Lowry, K. (2003). Developing motor and sport expertise: Meta-analytic findings. Paper presented at North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Savannah, Georgia.
Thomas, P. R., Schlinker, P. J., & Over, R. (1996). Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with prowess at ten-pin bowling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14, 255–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vickers, J. N. (1992). Gaze control in putting. Perception, 21, 117–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vickers, J. N. (1996).Visual control while aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 342–354.Google Scholar
Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development: The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, P., Williams, A. M., & Bennett, S. J. (2002). Visual search and biological motion perception in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 107–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, P., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in Soccer: The multidimensional nature of expert performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, P., Hodges, N. J., & Starkes, J. L. (2004). Deliberate practice and expert performance: Defining the path to excellence. In Williams, A. M. & Hodges, N. J. (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 231–258). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Williams, A. M. (2002). Visual search behaviour in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 169–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. M., & Davids, K. (1995). Declarative knowledge in sport: A byproduct of experience or a characteristic of expertise? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 259–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. M., & Elliott, D. (1999). Anxiety and visual search strategy in karate. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 362–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2003). Developing perceptual expertise in sport. In Starkes, J. L. & Ericsson, K. A. (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 219–249). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. London: E. & F. N. Spon.Google Scholar
Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Smeeton, N. J. (2004). Perceptual and cognitive expertise in sport: Implications for skill acquisition and performance enhancement. In Williams, A. M. & Hodges, N. J. (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 328–347). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J. G. (1993). Cognitive knowledge and soccer performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 579–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J. G. (1994). Visual search strategies of experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 5, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. M., & Davids, K. (1998). Visual search strategy, selective attention, and expertise in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 111–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Knowles, J. M., & Smeeton, N. J. (2002). Perceptual skill in a real-world task: Training, instruction, and transfer in tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 259–270.Google Scholar
Young, B., & Starkes, J. L. (in press). Lifespan analyses of track performance: Continued training moderates the age-related performance decline. Experimental Aging Research.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×