¹ F. S. Hinsley identifies another such lag between perceptions of international politics and evolving day-to-day reality at the very beginning of the Western state system. Therefore, comparing Hinsley's case with ours is interesting and enlightening. See Hinsley, F. S., Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge: The University Press, 1967), pp. 153–85, especially 167–68.Google Scholar

² Some of the most stimulating and insightful recent attempts at reconceptualization in international relations are displayed in Sprout, Harold and Sprout, Margaret, Toward A Politics of the Planet Earth (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971), pp. 3–12, 348–460.Google Scholar See, also, Haas, Ernst B., Tangle of Hopes (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969)Google Scholar, passim; Haas, Ernst B., Beyond the Nation-State (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964)Google Scholar, passim; and Nye, Joseph S. Jr., Peace in Parts (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1970)Google Scholar, especially the “Foreword” by Stanley Hoffmann and passim.

³ Aron, Raymond, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. 71.Google Scholar

⁴ While there has been, earlier, a good deal of discussion and debate among theorists about idealism versus realism and, more recently, about traditionalism versus scientism or behavioralism, one need only closely compare the works of the different theorists from the different schools to find rather sweeping agreement in the image of international politics as security politics described here. See, for example:Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics Among Nations, 4th ed. (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1967)Google Scholar; Aron, Peace and War; Kaplan, Morton, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John Wiley, 1957)Google Scholar;Hoff-mann, Stanley, The State of War, (New York: Praeger, 1965)Google Scholar; Boulding, Kenneth, Conflict and Defense (New York: Harper and Row, 1963)Google Scholar; Lasswell, Harold, World Politics and Personal Insecurity (New York: The Free Press, 1965).Google Scholar

⁵ For a description of this contemporary world of security politics as perceived by one of the present authors, see Puchala, Donald J., International Politics Today (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971), pp. 243–355.Google Scholar

⁶ Nye, Joseph S. Jr. and Keohane, Robert O., eds., “Transnational Relations and World Politics,” International Organization 25 (Summer 1971)Google Scholar, entire issue.

⁷ Nye and Keohane; see also Kaiser, Karl, “Transnational Politics: Toward a Theory of Multinational Politics,” International Organization 25 (Autumn 1971): 790–818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Also illuminating in this regard is Godson, Roy, “Non-Governmental Organizations in International Politics: The American Federation of Labor, The International Labor Movement and French Politics, 1945–1952” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1972).Google Scholar

⁸ Nye and Keohane, pp. 329–49.

⁹ Singer, David and Wallace, Michael D., “International Organization in the Global System, 1815–1964: A Quantitative Description,” International Organization 24 (Spring 1970): 239–87Google Scholar. See, also, Smoker, Paul, “Nation-state Escalation and International Integration,” Journal of Peace Research, no. 4 (1967), pp. 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ Singer and Wallace, pp. 272–73.

¹¹ Puchala, Donald J., “International Transactions and Regional Integration,” International Organization 24 (Autumn 1970): 759–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² Haas, Ernst, “Collective Security and the Future International System,” in International Law and Organization, eds. Falk, Richard A. and Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968), pp. 299–344Google Scholar; Nye, Peace in Parts, pp. 3–19, 127–72.

¹³ This question was the topic of a lecture by Robert O. Keohane delivered before the Columbia University International Fellows in October 1971; Keohane's answer was affirmative.

¹⁴ Karl Kaiser makes some interesting thrusts in this direction: Kaiser, pp. 801–15.

¹⁵ See, for example, Scott, Andrew, The Revolution in Statecraft: Informal Penetration (New York: Random House, 1965)Google Scholar, passim.

¹⁶ Zartman, I. William, The Politics of Trade Negotiations Between Africa and the European Economic Community: The Weak Confront the Strong (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 200–230Google Scholar and passim; Spero, Joan Edelman, “Dominance-Dependence Relationships: The Case of France and Gabon” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1973), pp. 116–306Google Scholar and passim.

¹⁷ Zartman, I. William, International Relations in the New Africa (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966)Google Scholar, passim; Zartman, I. William, “Africa as a Subordinate State System in International Relations,” International Organization 21 (Summer 1967): 545–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zartman, I. William, “Intervention Among Developing States,” Journal of International Affairs 22, no. 2 (1968), pp. 188–97Google Scholar;Wriggins, Howard, South and Southeast Asia in the Asian State System (New York: Columbia University Press for the Southern Asian Institute, 1971), pp. 28–61.Google Scholar

¹⁸ A great deal of writing is beginning to appear on this subject, for example: Armand, Louis and Drancourt, Michel, The European Challenge (New York: Atheneum, 1970)Google Scholar; Gilpin, Robert, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967)Google Scholar; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Age (New York: Viking, 1970)Google Scholar; Sprout and Sprout, The Politics of the Planet Earth, pp. 189–208, 348–77; Morse, Edward, “The Transformation of Foreign Policies: Modernization, Interdependence and Externalization,” World Politics 22 (April 1970): 371–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cooper, Richard N., “Trade Policy is Foreign Policy,” Foreign Policy 9 (Winter 1972–73): 18–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹ Jalloh, Abdul Aziz, “Regional Political Intergration in Africa: The Lessons of the Last Decade,” paper presented at the Conference on Regional Integration, Madison, Wisconsin, 24–26 April 1969.Google Scholar

²⁰ Puchala, Donald J., “Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration,” Journal of Common Market Studies 10 (March 1972): 267–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Some authors, however, do claim that contemporary international integration schemes are ventures in imperialism; see, for example: Teubal, Michel, “The Failure of Latin America's Economic Integration,” in Latin America: Reform or Revolution, eds. James, Petras and Maurice, Zeitlin (New York: Fawcett, 1968), pp. 120–44Google Scholar; and Jonas, Suzanne (Bodenheimer), “Masterminding the Mini-Market: U.S. Aid to the Central American Common Market,” Latin America and Empire Report (publication of the North American Congress on Latin America) 7 (May-June 1973): 3–21.Google Scholar

²¹ Cooper, Richard N., The Economics of Interdependence (New York: McGraw Hill, 1968), pp. 148–76Google Scholar and passim; Cooper, Richard N., “Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies,” World Politics 24 (January 1972): 159–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² Fagan, Stuart, Central American Economic Intergration: The Politics of Unequal Benefits (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1970)Google Scholar; Springer, Hugh W., Reflections on the Failure of the First West Indian Federation, Occasional Papers in International Affairs, no. 4(Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1962)Google Scholar; Puchala, “Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration,” pp. 277–83.

²³ Haas, Beyond the Nation-State, pp. 10–12.

²⁴ Sprout and Sprout, The Politics of the Planet Earth, pp. 348–61; Sprout, Harold and Sprout, Margaret, “The Dilemma of Rising Demands and Insufficient Resources,” World Politics 20 (July 1968): 660–93.Google Scholar

²⁵ Brzezinski, Between Two Ages, pp. 274–93. See also Shulman, Marshall, Beyond the Cold War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 18–33, 86–111.Google Scholar

²⁶ For an interesting case study of this phenomenon, see Strang, Lord, Britain in World Affairs: The Fluctuations in Power and Influence from Henry VIII to Elizabeth II (New York: Praeger, 1961)Google Scholar, passim.

²⁷ Haas, Tangle of Hopes, pp. 119–64.

²⁸ Our conceptualization of cosmopolitanism was influenced by Brzezinski's discussion of what he calls “rational humanism” (Between Two Ages, pp. 270–73), and by Daniel Lerner's and Morton Gorden's discussion of pragmatism in Lerner, and Gorden, , Euratlantica: Changing Perspectives of the European Elites (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1969), pp. 241–51.Google Scholar