Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-5bvrz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-07T00:11:15.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Venomous Course of Southwestern Opium: Qing Prohibition in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the Early Nineteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

David Bello
Get access

Extract

The opium-smuggling trade that britain pursued on the eastern seacoast of China has become the symbol of China's century-long descent into political and social chaos. In the standard historical narratives of both China and Euro-America, opium is the primary medium through which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) encountered the modern economic, social, and political institutions of the West. Consequently, opium and the Western powers' advent on the Chinese coast have become almost inextricably linked. Opium, however, was not simply a Sino-British problem geographically confined to southeastern China. It was, rather, a transimperial crisis that spread among an ethnically diverse populace and created regionally distinct problems of control for the Qing state.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 62 , Issue 4 , November 2003 , pp. 1109 - 1142
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Baojia shu (Baojia handbook). {1848} 1990. In Muling shu (The local magistrate's handbook), compiled by Xu Dong . Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guang-ling Guji keyinshe.Google Scholar
Bello, David A. 2000. “Opium in Xinjiang and Beyond.” In Opium Regimes: Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952, Edited by Brook, Timothy, and Waka-bayashi, Bob Tadashi. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bello, David A. Forthcoming. Opium and the Limits of Empire, the Opium Problem in the Interior, 1729–1850. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Benedict, Carol. 1996. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China. Stanford: University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Hsin-Pao. 1970. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. 1964. Cambridge: vard University Press. Reprint, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Mingnan, Ding 1992. Diguozhuyi qin Hua shi (A history of imperialist invasion of China). 6th ed. Vol. 1. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Edkins, Joseph. 1881. Opium: Historical Note; or, The Poppy in China. Shanghai: tor General of Customs.Google Scholar
Elliott, Mark C. 1990. “Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan.” Late Imperial China 11(1):36–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbank, John K. 1969 Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. Reprint (2 vols. in 1), Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Giersch, C. Pat. 2001. “‘A Motley Throng’: Social Change on Southwest China’s Early Modern Frontier, 1700–1880.” Journal of Asian Studies 60(1):67–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, Gong. 1992. Zhongguo tusi zhidu (China’s native chieftain system). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Michael. 1951. British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Herman, John E. 1997. “Empire in the Southwest: Early Qing Reforms to the Native Chieftain System.” Journal of Asian Studies 56(1):47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao, Kung-Chuan. 1960. Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Imperial, Maritime Customs. 1881. Opium. 2, special series, no. 4. Shanghai: Inspector General of Customs.Google Scholar
Kuang Haolin and Yang Liqiong . 1986. “Jindai woguo shaoshu minzu diqu de yapian duhai wenti” (The problem of the opium scourge in China’s ethnic minority areas during the modern period). Zhongguo jingji shi yanjiu 4: 131–42.Google Scholar
Lee, James Z. 1982. “Food Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China, 1250–1850.” Journal of Asian Studies 41(4):711–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, James Z.. 2000. The Political Economy of a Frontier: Southwest China, 1250–1850. East Asian Monographs, no. 190. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gui, Li. {1895} 1975. Yapian shilue (Overview of opium). In Biji xiaoshuo daguan (Collectanea of miscellaneous writings and novels). 10th ser., vol. 9. Taipei: Xinxing shuju.Google Scholar
Shizhen, Li. {1596} 1975. Bencao gangmu (Compendium oimateria medico). 4 vols. Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xingyuan, Li 1987. Li Xingyuan riji (The diary of Li Xingyuan). Edited by Yuan Yingguang and Tong Hao Vol. 1. Beijing: Zhong-hua shuju.Google Scholar
Yongqing, Li. 1986. “Youguan jinyan yundong de jidian xin renshi” (A few points of new understanding concerning the opium prohibition movement). Lishi dang’an 3: 79–86.Google Scholar
Lin Dunkui and Kong Xiangji 1986. “Yapian Zhanzheng qianqi tongzhi jieji neibudouzheng tanxi” (Analytical inquiry into the struggle within the ruling class during the early stages of the Opium War). Jindai shi yanjiu 3: 1–19.Google Scholar
Man-Houng, Lin. 1985. “Qingmo shehui liuxing xishi yapian yanjiu—gong jimian zhi fenxi, 1773–1906” 1773–1906 (A study of the spread of opium smoking in late Qing society—A supply-side analysis, 1773–1906). Ph.D. diss., Taiwan Normal University.Google Scholar
Man-Houng, Lin. 1993. “Yin yu yapian de liutong ji yin gui qian jian xianxiang de quyu fenbu (1808–1854)—shijie jingji dui jindai Zhongguo kongjian fangmian zhi yi ying-xiang” (1808–1854)—(Circulation of silver and opium and the regional distribution of the silver appreciation phenomenon {1808–54}—A case study of the spatial impact of the world economy upon China). Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica 22(1):89–135.Google Scholar
Bin, Liu. {1887} 1992. “Yongchang tusi lun” (On the native chieftainships of Yongchang {Prefecture}). In Qingjingshi wenbian (Collected writings on statecraft from the Qing dynasty), Edited by Changling, HoVol. 3. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Liu, Cheng-Yun. 1985. “Kuo-lu: A Sworn Brotherhood Organization in Szechuan.” Late Imperial China 6(1):56–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiping, Ma 1990. “Qing Daoguang 1838 nian jinyan yuanyin bianxi” 1838(Critical analysis of the reasons for the Qing Daoguang emperor’s 1838 opium prohibition). Zhongshan daxue yanjiusheng xuekan 1: 75–80.Google Scholar
Haijian, Mao 1995. Tianchao de bengkui (The collapse of the celestial dynasty). Beijing: Shenghuo, dushu, xizhi sanlian shudian.Google Scholar
Morse, Hosea Ballou. 1910. The Period of Conflict, 1834–1860. Vol. 1 of The International Relations of the Chinese Empire. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.Google Scholar
Anshi, Mou. 1982. Yapian Zhanzheng (The Opium War). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Newman, R. K. 1995. “Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Reconsideration.” Modern Asian Studies 29(4):765–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, David Edward. 1968. British Opium Policy in China and India. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934. Reprint, Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.Google Scholar
Heping, Qin 1996. “Qingdai Daoguang nianjian Yunnan de jinyan wenti ji jinyan shibai zhengjie de fenxi” (The opium problem in Yunnan during the Qing Daoguang period and an analysis of the crux of the failure of the opium prohibitions). Zhongguo bianjian shidi yanjiu 4: 57–63.Google Scholar
Heping, Qin 1996. 1998. Yunnan yapian wenti yu jinyan yundong (Yunnan’s opium problem and prohibition movement). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Rowe, William T. 2001. Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, John Robert. 1993. Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shunning fuzhi (Gazetteer of Shunning Prefecture). 1968. Compiled By Zhanke, Zhu In Zhongguo fangzhi congshu (Collectanea of Chinese regional gazetteers). Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan. 1975. “Opium Smoking in Ch’ing China.” In Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Edited by Wakeman, Frederic Jr. and Grant, Carolyn. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tan, Chung. 1978. China and the Brave New World. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cui, Tan 1969 Dian haiyu heng zhi (Annals of the groundskeeper of Kunming Lake). Taipei: Huawen shuju.Google Scholar
Qixiang, Tan 1987. Zhongguo lishi ditu ji, di ba ce, Qing shiqi (The historical atlas of China, vol. 8, the Qing period). Beijing: Ditu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tian Rukang and Li Huaxing 1978. “Jinyan yundong de sixiang qianqu—pingjia xin faxian de Zhu Zun Xu Qiu zouzhe” (Intellectual precursors of the opium prohibition movement—An evaluation of the newly discovered memorials of Zhu Zun and Xu Qiu). Fudan xuebao 1: 99–107.Google Scholar
Trocki, Carl A. 1999. Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Viraphol, Sarasin. 1977. Tribute and Profit, Sino-Siamese Trade, 1652–1853. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 1974. Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South 1839–1861. 1966. Reprint, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 1978. “The Canton Trade and the Opium War.” In Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Edited by Fairbank, John K.. Vol. 10, part 1 of The Cambridge History of China Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hongbin, Wang 1997. Jindu shijian (A history of drug prohibition). Beijing: Yuelu shushe.Google Scholar
Waung, W. S. K. 1979. “The Introduction of Opium Cultivation to China.” Xianggang Zhongwen Daxue xuebao 5(1):209–21.Google Scholar
Juntian, Wen 1935. Zhongguo baojia zhidu (China’s baojia system). Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Wong, J. Y. 1998. Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856–1860) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodside, Alexander Barton. 1971. Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Study of the Nguyen and Ch’ing Civil Government in the First Half of the Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Yixiong, Wu 1985. “Guanyu 1838 nian jinyan zhenglun de zai tantao” (A reexamination of the prohibition debate of 1838). Fujian luntai 6: 59–64.Google Scholar
Xiao Zhizhi and Yang Weidong , eds. 1986. Yapian Zhanzheng qian Zhong Xi guanxijishi (1517–1840) (1517–1840) (Annals of Sino-Western relations before the Opium War {1517–1840). Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Kaida, Yang 1994. “Guanyu ‘Zhe jin yapianyan bei’” (Concerning the “Stele of the pledge to prohibit opium”). Yunnan shifandaxue zhexue shehuikexue xuebao 26(4):27–28.Google Scholar
Weiyuan, Yao 1984. Yapian Zhanzheng shishi kao (Verification ofhistorical facts related to the Opium War). Guiyang: Wentong shuju, 1942. Reprint, Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yapian Zhanzheng (The Opium War). 1954. Edited by Qi Sihe Lin Shuhui , and Shou Jiyu . Vol. 1. Shanghai: Shenzhou Guoguang she.Google Scholar
Zhong, You 1994. Yunnan minzu shi (A history of minorities in Yunnan). Kunming: Yunnan Daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ende, Yu 1973. Zhongguo jinyan faling bianqian shi (A history of changes in China’s opium prohibition laws). Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1934. Reprint, Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C.. {1886} 1986. Hobson-Jobson. Calcutta: Rupa Press.Google Scholar
Yunnan tongzhi (Gazetteer of Yunnan Prefecture). {1736} 1983. Compiled by Ortai and Jing Daomo Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Zelin, Madeline. 1984. The Magistrate’s Tael. Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Century Ch’ing China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pengyuan, Zhang 1990. “Luohou diqu de ziben xingcheng—Yun-Gui de xiexiang yu yapian” (Capital formation in an underdeveloped region—Assistance loans and opium in Yunnan and Guizhou). Guizhou wenshi congkan 1: 50–74.Google Scholar
Zheng, Yangwen. 2003. “The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999.” Modern Asian Studies 37(1):1–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jinfu, Zhu 1991. “Yapian Zhanzheng qian Daoguang chao yanguan de jinyan lun” (The prohibition debate among Daoguang court censors before the Opium War). Jindai shi yanjiu 2: 57–66.Google Scholar