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How orcas capture seals resting on ice floes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2026

Wenyuan Zhou Open the ORCID record for Wenyuan Zhou [Opens in a new window] ,
Jiale An ,
Lamberto Rondoni ,
Yuliang Zhang ,
Zhaoyang Ou ,
Yang He  and
Weizheng Yuan
Wenyuan Zhou*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, 710072 Xi’an, PR China Key Laboratory of MEMS/NEMS Systems of Shaanxi Province, 710072 Xi’an, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , 710072 Xi’an, PR China Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino , 10129 Torin, Italy
Jiale An
Affiliation:
School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, PR China
Lamberto Rondoni
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino , 10129 Torin, Italy
Yuliang Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, 710072 Xi’an, PR China Key Laboratory of MEMS/NEMS Systems of Shaanxi Province, 710072 Xi’an, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , 710072 Xi’an, PR China
Zhaoyang Ou
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, 710072 Xi’an, PR China Key Laboratory of MEMS/NEMS Systems of Shaanxi Province, 710072 Xi’an, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , 710072 Xi’an, PR China
Yang He*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, 710072 Xi’an, PR China Key Laboratory of MEMS/NEMS Systems of Shaanxi Province, 710072 Xi’an, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , 710072 Xi’an, PR China
Weizheng Yuan*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, 710072 Xi’an, PR China Key Laboratory of MEMS/NEMS Systems of Shaanxi Province, 710072 Xi’an, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , 710072 Xi’an, PR China
*
Corresponding authors: Wenyuan Zhou, wenyuan.zhou@qq.com; Yang He, heyang@nwpu.edu.cn; Weizheng Yuan, yuanwz@nwpu.edu.cn
Corresponding authors: Wenyuan Zhou, wenyuan.zhou@qq.com; Yang He, heyang@nwpu.edu.cn; Weizheng Yuan, yuanwz@nwpu.edu.cn
Corresponding authors: Wenyuan Zhou, wenyuan.zhou@qq.com; Yang He, heyang@nwpu.edu.cn; Weizheng Yuan, yuanwz@nwpu.edu.cn
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Abstract

Flow around a submerged cylinder near a free surface reveals that adjusting the Froude number and gap ratio influences the underwater jet pattern, vortex shedding frequency and free-surface deformation. The jet typically separates near the trough, leading to vorticity concentration and breaking waves that dissipate wave energy. Antarctic orcas collaborate to generate deep depression waves, breaking ice and washing seals from floes. Orcas raise their heads and tap their tails downward when approaching ice, which may benefit strong wave generation. We investigate the wave-generating hydrodynamics using a towing tank and particle image velocimetry. A scaled model with an elliptical body and wedge-shaped tail was tested under Froude number similarity. Experiments covered towing speeds of $0.3- 0.7\,\textrm{ms}^{-1}$, combining different body ($10^\circ$/$0^\circ$/$-10^\circ$) and tail angles ($30^\circ$/$0^\circ$/$-30^\circ$), at chord-based Reynolds numbers of $17\,030- 40\,506$. Four wake regimes are identified: small-scale vortex emergence triggered by capillary waves; extensive wave breaking due to flow separation at the trough; smooth depression wave caused by jet reattachment and downward advection of wake vortices; and large-scale vortex impingement generated by wake vortex perturbations. Under the pitched posture, the jet attaches successively to the solid surface and the trough via the Coandâ effect, suppressing flow separation, creating the most pronounced wave. The strong jet maintained a low-potential-energy state of the wave and led to large ice floes flipping and fracturing through the bending effect, while smaller ice floes were overwashed. This study suggests a novel flow-control strategy for objects near the free surface through jet attachment.

JFM classification

Waves/Free-surface Flows: Wave-structure interactions Waves/Free-surface Flows: Surface gravity waves Biological Fluid Dynamics: Swimming/flying

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Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1034 , 10 May 2026 , A11
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© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press

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