Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-bp2c4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-14T07:54:30.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sea pens (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Mike Reich  and
Manfred Kutscher
Mike Reich
Affiliation:
1Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Museum, Collections and Geopark, Goldschmidt-Str. 1-5, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany,
Manfred Kutscher
Affiliation:
2Dorfstr. 10, D-18554 Sassnitz/Rg., Germany,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Late Cretaceous white chalk of the Isle of Rügen, northeastern Germany, yields a highly diverse marine floral and faunal assemblage with more than 1,400 described species, including pennatulacean corals. All the new collected material, composed of fragments of the axial rods, belongs to ‘Graphularia’ quadrata Voigt, 1958, which was revised, and a new species, ‘Graphularia’ rugia. Analyses of the microstructure of axial rods of modern and fossil sea pens facilitate the discussion of the systematic relationships of the fossil material. ‘Graphularia’ quadrata shows an affinity to the Funiculinidae, whereas the new species ‘Graphularia’ rugia resembles the axial structure of the Pennatulidae.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 85 , Issue 6 , November 2011 , pp. 1042 - 1051
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Acuña, F. H. and Zamponi, M. O. 1992. Pennatulacea (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) de la región subantarctica: nuevos taxa y registros. Iheringia (Série Zoologia), 73: 47–53.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. M. 1979. Pennatulaceans: a meagre fossil record. In Fourth annual meeting of the Geological Association of Canada, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada, 23–25 May 1979. Program with Abstracts, Geological Association of Canada, 4: 36.Google Scholar
Balss, H. 1910. Japanische Pennatuliden. In Doflein, F. (ed.), Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, 1(5). Abhandlungen der mathematischphysikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 10 (Supplement Volume): 1–106.Google Scholar
Bałuk, W. and Pisera, A. 1984. A new species of sea pens, Graphularia transaedina sp. n., from the Korytnica Clays (middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 34: 203–211.Google Scholar
Bayer, F. M. 1955. Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 105: 207–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, F. M. 1956. Octocorallia, (with section of Trachypsammiacea by E. Montanaro-Gallitelli), p. F166–F231. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, F. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kan. and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Bayer, F. M., Grashoff, M., and Verseveldt, J. 1983. Illustrated trilingual glossary of morphological and anatomical terms applied to Octocorallia. E. J. Brill & Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 75 p.Google Scholar
Belém, M., da Costa, J., and De Figueiredo Alvarenga, L. C. 1973. Contribuição ao conhecimento da fauna de Cnidarios dos Estados da Guanabara e do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. I–Virgularia presbytes Bayer, 1955 (Anthozoa, Pennatulacea, Virgulariidae). Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 17: 41–51.Google Scholar
Berntson, E. A., Bayer, F. M., McArthur, A. G., and France, S. C. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on nuclear 18S rRNA sequences. Marine Biology, 138: 235–246.Google Scholar
Birkeland, C. 1974. Interactions between a sea pen and seven of its predators. Ecological Monographs, 44: 211–232.Google Scholar
Böhm, J. 1891. Die Kreidebildungen des Fürbergs und Sulzbergs bei Siegsdorf in Oberbayern. Palaeontographica, 33: 1–106.Google Scholar
Broch, H. 1910. Anthozoa (Nachtrag): Pennatuliden. In Schultze, L. (ed.), Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika, 1903–1905, 4: 229–235. (= Denkschriften der Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 16).Google Scholar
Burnett, J. A. 1997. Nannofossil data from Komplex VIII, Isle of Rügen, Jasmund, Germany. Unpublished Report. University College: Department of Geological Sciences, London, 2 p.Google Scholar
Burnett, J. A. 1998. Upper Cretaceous, p. 132–199. In Bown, P. R. (ed.), Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, British Micropalaeontological Society Publication Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Cuvier, C. F. D. G. 1817. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, 4 (Les zoophytes, les tables, et les planches). Deterville, Paris, viii + 255 p.Google Scholar
Delage, Y. and Hérouard, E. 1901. Les Coelentérés. In Traité de Zoologie concrète, 2: 1–848.Google Scholar
Dunn, D. F. 1982. Cnidaria, p. 669–706. In Parker, S. P. (ed.), Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, 1. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, C. G. 1834. Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, for 1832, 8: 225–380.Google Scholar
Franc, S., Ledger, P. W., and Garrone, R. 1985. Structural variability of collagen fibres in the calcareous axial rod of a sea pen. Journal of Morphology, 184: 75–84.Google Scholar
Franc, S. P., Huc, A., and Chassagne, G. 1974. É'tude ultrastructurale et physicochimique de l'axe squelettique de Veretillum cynomorium Pall. (Cnidaire, Anthozoaire): cellules, calcite, collagène. Journal de Microscopie, 21: 93–110.Google Scholar
Frenz, M., Reich, M., and Ruickoldt, S. 1997. Die Lagerungsverhältnisse des Quartärs und der Kreide von Nord-Jasmund/Rügen, zwischen Kollicker Bach und Hankenufer. Unpublished diploma mapping. University of Greifswald: Institute of Geological Sciences, Greifswald, 96 p.Google Scholar
Frenzel, P. 2000. Die benthischen Foraminiferen der Rügener Schreibkreide (Unter-Maastricht, NE-Deutschland). Neue Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 3: 1–361.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1860. Catalogue of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Cretaceous Formation of the United States, with references. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1859: 1–20.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1862. Synopsis of the Mollusca of the Cretaceous formation, Including the Geographical and Stratigraphical Range and Synonymy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, for 1861–62, 8: 57–257.Google Scholar
Grasshoff, M. 1972. Eine Seefeder mit einem einzigen Polypen: Umbellula thieli n. sp. Die von F. S., “Meteor” 1967–1970 im östlichen Nordatlantik gedredschten Pennatularia. “Meteor” Forschungs-Ergebnisse D, 12: 1–11.Google Scholar
Grieg, J. A. 1892. Oversigt over Norges pennatulider. Bergens Museums Aarsberetning, for 1891, 1: 1–23.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Bd. 1: Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen. Kritische Grundzüge der mechanischen Wissenschaft von den entwickelten Formen der Organismen, begründet durch die Descendenz-Theorie. G. Reimer, Berlin, xvi + 447 p.Google Scholar
Häntzschel, W. 1958. Oktokoralle oder Lebensspur? Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg, 27: 77–87.Google Scholar
Hagn, H., Darga, R., and Schmid, R. 1992. Siegsdorf im Chiemgau. Erdgeschichte und Urwelt. Fossilien als Zeugen der geologischen Vergangenheit. Eigenverlag Gemeinde Siegsdorf, 241 p.Google Scholar
Herrig, E. 1966. Ostracoden aus der Weißen Schreibkreide (Unter-Maastricht) der Insel Rügen. Paläontologische Abhandlungen, A: Paläozoologie, 2: 693–1024.Google Scholar
Herrig, E., Nestler, H., Frenzel, P., and Reich, M. 1996. Discontinuity surfaces in the high Upper Cretaceous of Northeastern Germany and their reflection by fossil associations. In Reitner, J., Neuweiler, F., and Gunkel, F. (eds.), Global and Regional Controls on Biogenic Sedimentation. II. Cretaceous Sedimentation. Research Reports. Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie, Sb3: 107–111.Google Scholar
Hickson, S. J. 1918. Evolution and Symmetry in the Order of the Seapens. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 90: 108–135.Google Scholar
Imahara, Y. and Ogawa, K. 2006. Rediscovery of Virgularia juncea (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea) from a tidal marsh in Okinawa, with a short note on its peculiar behavior, p. 9–13. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan, 28 June–2 July 2004. Japanese Coral Reef Society, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Jagt, J. W. M. 1996. Late Maastrichtian and Early Palaeocene index macrofossils in the Maastrichtian type area (SE Netherlands, NE Belgium). Geologie en Mijnbouw (= Netherlands Journal of Geosciences), 75: 153–162.Google Scholar
Jagt, J. W. M. and Collins, J. S. H. 1999. Log-associated late Maastrichtian cirripedes from northeast Belgium. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 73: 99–111.Google Scholar
Kienel, U. 1990. Die Coccolithen der Rügener Schreibkreide (Unter Maastricht). Unpublished . University of Greifswald: Department of Geological Sciences, Greifswald, 67 p.Google Scholar
Kienel, U. 1993. Zur Altersstellung der Rügener Schreibkreide anhand kalkiger Nannofossilien (Unter-Maastricht). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, E: Paläobiologie, 9: 45–55.Google Scholar
Kocurko, M. J. and Kocurko, D. J. 1992. Fossil Octocorallia of the Red Bluff Formation, lower Oligocene, Mississippi. Journal of Paleontology, 66: 594–602.Google Scholar
Kölliker, A. von. 1880. Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Zoology, 1: 1–41.Google Scholar
Kuzmicheva, E. I. (= Kuz'micheva, E. I.). 1981. Klass Anthozoa. Korallovye polipy. (Class Anthozoa. Coral polypes), p. 51–73. In Razvitie i smena prosteishikh, kishechnopolostnykh i chervei na rubezhe mezozoya i kainozoya. Nauka, Moskva. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Kuzmicheva, E. I. (= Kuz'micheva, E. I.) 1987. Verkhnemelovye i Paleogenovye korally SSSR. (Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene corals of the U.S.S.R.). Nauka, Mosva, 188 p. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ledger, P. W. and Franc, S. 1978. Calcification of the collagenous axial skeleton of Vertillum cynomorium Pall. (Cnidaria: Pennatulacea). Cell and Tissue Research, 192: 249–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leloux, J. 1999. Numerical distribution of Santonian to Danian corals (Scleractinia, Octocorallia) of Southern Limburg, the Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw (= Netherlands Journal of Geosciences), 78: 191–195.Google Scholar
Lindahl, J. 1874. Om pennatulid-slägtet Umbellula Cuv. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 13: 1–22.Google Scholar
Löser, H. 2000. Catalogue of Cretaceous Corals. Vol. 1: Repertoire of Species. Pt. 1–Introduction, Direction for use, List of Citations (A–K). CPress, Dresden, 135 p.Google Scholar
Löser, H. 2002. Catalogue of Cretaceous Corals. Vol. 2: List of Citations. Pt. 1–Introduction, Direction for use, List of Citations (A–K). CPress, Dresden, 372 p.Google Scholar
Małecki, J. 1982. Bases of Upper Cretaceous Octocorals from Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 27: 65–75.Google Scholar
Marks, M. H., Bear, R. S., and Blake, C. H. 1949. X-ray diffraction evidence of collagen-type protein fibers in the Echinodermata, Coelenterata and Porifera. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 111: 55–78.Google Scholar
McFadden, C. S., France, S. C., Sánchez, J. A., and Alderslade, P. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41: 513–527.Google Scholar
Mel'nikov, M. E., Pletnev, S. P., Basov, I. A., Punina, T. A., Pulyaeva, I. A., Sedysheva, T. E., Khudik, V. D., Khulapova, T. N., and Zakharov, Yu. D. 2006. Novye geologicheskie i paleontologicheskie dannye po gaiotu Fedorova (Magellanovy gory, Tikhii okean). (New geological and paleontological data on Fedorov Guyot [Magellan Seamounts, Pacific Ocean]). Tikhookeanskaya geologiya, 25: 3–13. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Milne Edwards, H. and Haime, J. 1850. A monograph of the British fossil Corals. First Pt. Introduction, Corals from the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations. Palaeontographical Society, 4, lxxxv + 322.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1830. Synopsis of the organic remains of the ferruginous sand formation of the United States, with geological remarks. American Journal of Science (1st series), 17: 274–295.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1834. Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States. Key & Biddle, Philadelphia, 88 p.Google Scholar
Mourlon, M. 1881. Géologie de la Belgique. Tome second. I. F. Hayez, Bruxelles, xvi + 392 p.Google Scholar
Nestler, H. 1963. Die Belemniten und die Altersstellung der weißen Schreibkreide der Insel Rügen. Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 1: 373–390.Google Scholar
Pallas, P. S. 1766. Elenchus Zoophytorum: Sistens Generum Adumbrationes Generaliores Et Specierum Cognitarum Succinctas Descriptiones, Cum Selectis Auctorum Synonymis. van Cleef, Hagae-Comitum, xvi + 17–451.Google Scholar
Pax, F. and Müller, I. 1962. Die Anthozoenfauna der Adria. (Fauna antozoa Jadrana.) Fauna et Flora Adriatica, 3: 1–343.Google Scholar
Perch-Nielsen, K. 1985. Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils, p. 329–426. In Bolli, H. M., Saunders, J. B., and Perch-Nielsen, K. (eds.), Plankton stratigraphy. Vol. 1. Planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and calpionellids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Reich, M. 1994. Belemnoidea, p. 10. In Herrig, E., Nestler, H., Frenzel, P., and Reich, M., Diskontinuitäten in Profilen der höheren Oberkreide und ihre Widerspiegelung in den Fossilgemeinschaften (DFG-Kurzzeichen: Ne 454/1–3). Unpublished work report for 1993/1994. University of Greifswald, Greifswald.Google Scholar
Reich, M. 2006. Fossil record and diversity of pennatulacean octocorals (Anthozoa: Octocorallia). In Yang, Qun, Wang, Yong-dong, and Weldon, E. A. (eds.), Ancient life and modern approaches. Abstracts of the Second International Palaeontological Congress. 17–21 June 2006. University of Science and Technology of China Press, Beijing, p. 117.Google Scholar
Reich, M. and Frenzel, P. 2002. Die Fauna und Flora der Rügener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee). Archiv für Geschiebekunde, 3: 73–284.Google Scholar
Reich, M. and Schneider, S. 2002. Erster Nachweis einer Seefeder (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea) aus dem Sternberger Gestein (Oligozän). Geschiebekunde aktuell, 18: 3–8.Google Scholar
Richards, H. G. and Shapiro, E. 1963. An invertebrate macrofauna from the Upper Cretaceous of Delaware. Report of investigations, State of Delaware, Delaware Geological Survey, 7: 1–38.Google Scholar
Roemer, F. 1880. Notiz über Belemnites ambiguus Morton aus der Kreide von New-Jersey. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, II: 115–117.Google Scholar
Schulz, M.-G. 1979. Morphometrisch-variationsstatistische Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie der Belemniten-Gattung Belemnella im Untermaastricht NW-Europas. Geologisches Jahrbuch (A: Allgemeine und regionale Geologie BR Deutschland und Nachbargebiete, Tektonik, Stratigraphie, Paläontologie), 47: 3–157.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1954. Die geologische Bedeutung fossiler Lebensspuren. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, for 1953, 105: 214–227.Google Scholar
Shapeero, W. 1969. A positive chitosan test for spicules in the Anthozoan order, Pennatulacea. Pacific Science, 23: 261–263.Google Scholar
Shapiro, E. A. and Ramsdell, R. C. 1965. The pennatulid species Graphularia ambigua (Morton) from the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sediments of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Notulae Naturae. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 373: 1–7.Google Scholar
Sissingh, W. 1977. Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 56: 37–65.Google Scholar
Stefani, C. de. 1881. Le Alghe fossili nelle rocce delle Alpi Apuane. Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Processi verbali, 2(1879/1881): 280–282.Google Scholar
Stefani, C. de. 1885. Studî paleozoologici sulla creta superiore e media dell Apennino settentrionale. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Memorie della Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali (Serie 4), 1: 73–121.Google Scholar
Steinich, G. 1965. Die artikulaten Brachiopoden der Rügener Schreibkreide. Paläontologische Abhandlungen, A: Paläozoologie, 2: 1–220.Google Scholar
Steinich, G. 1972. Endogene Tektonik in den Unter-Maastricht-Vorkommen auf Jasmund (Rügen). Geologie, 20(Beiheft, 71/72): 1–207.Google Scholar
Tillet, E., Franc, J. M., Franc, S., and Garrone, R. 1996. The evolution of fibrillar collagens. A sea-pen collagen shares common features with vertebrate type V collagen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 113: 239–246.Google Scholar
Ubaghs, C. 1879. Description géologique et paléontologique du sol du Limbourg avec catalogue genéral des fossiles du terrain crétacé, coupe de la superposition des couches, et description de quelques grands vertébrés de la craie supérieure de Maastricht. Romen, Ruremonde, 275 p.Google Scholar
Verrill, A. E. 1865. Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Captain John Rogers, U. S. N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. W. Stimpson, naturalist of the Expedition. With descriptions of some additional species from the west coast of North America. Pt. 2. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, 4: 181–196.Google Scholar
Voigt, E. 1954. Das Alter der Reitbrooker Schichten (Ob. Kreide, Maastr. Stufe) und ihr Leitfossil Pteria (Oxytoma) danica Ravn. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 68: 617–652.Google Scholar
Voigt, E. 1958. Untersuchungen an Oktokorallen aus der oberen Kreide. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg, 27: 5–49.Google Scholar
Voigt, E. 1959. Über oberkretazische Oktokorallen. In F. Kirchheimer, Bericht über die Jahresversammlung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft in Aachen vom 25. bis 29. August 1958. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 33: 8–9.Google Scholar
Wehrli, H. 1967. Das petro- und biostratigraphische Profil der Rügener Schreibkreide. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität (Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe), 16: 175–188.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1990. The Pennatulacea of southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum (= Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum), 99: 31–119.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1993. Biotic diversity, biogeography, and phylogeny of pennatulacean octocorals associated with coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific, p. 729–735. In Richmond, R. H. (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium. Guam, 22–26 June 1992. Vol. 2. University of Guam Press, Mangilao.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1995a. Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): Illustrated key and synopses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113: 93–140.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1995b. The enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum—A phylogenetic reassessment and description of G. sibogae from Tasmanian waters (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 48: 315–328.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1997. Preliminary assessment of the phylogeny of Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia), with a reevaluation of Ediacaran frond-like fossils, and a synopsis of the history of evolutionary thought regarding the sea pens, p. 497–509. In den Hartog, J. C., van Ofwegen, L. P., and van der Spoel, S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. The Leeuwenhorst, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands 16–21 July 1995. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1999. Index Pennatulacea; annotated bibliography and indexes of the sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the world 1469–1999. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 51: 19–103.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. T., Andrews, A. H., Brown, A. L., and Cordes, E. E. 2002. Axial rod growth and age estimation of the sea pen, Halipteris willemoesi Kölliker. Hydrobiologia, 471: 133–142.Google Scholar
Zakharov, Yu. D., Pletnev, S. P., Mel'nikov, M. E., Smyshlyaeva, O. P., Khudik, V. D., Evseev, G. A., Punina, T. A., Safronov, P. P., and Popov, A. M. 2007. The first finds of Cretaceous belemnites from the Magellan Rise, Pacific Ocean. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 1: 29–41.Google Scholar