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⁸ Crucé, The New Cyneas, p. 124.

⁹ Saint-Pierre, Projet pour rendre la paix perpetuelle en Europe, p. 166.

¹⁰ Although Sully attributes the ‘Grand dessin' wholly to Henry IV, it is uncertain to what extent is was actually thought up by the king, and to what extent it should be attributed to Sully's imagination alone. See Puharré, André, Les Projets d'organisation européenne d'apres le Grand Dessin de Henri IV et de Sully (Paris, 1954).Google Scholar

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²⁰ In this regard, the diffused model ends up as a version of federalism. However, I will try to show that this is an unintended result, and not the starting point, of the authors I consider under this heading.

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²⁴ Ibid.

²⁵ Bellers, J., ‘Some Reasons for An European State’ (1710), reprinted in Clarke, G. (ed.), John Bellers, His Life Times and Writings (London, 1987), p. 141.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Ibid. p. 48.

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³³ For a recent analysis of Kant's writings on international relations, see Hurrell, A., ‘Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations’, Review of International Studies, 16 (1990), pp. 183–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁵ Cited in Hamilton, Alexander, Jay, John, Madison, James, The Federalist (1788, reprinted: Chicago, 1952), p. 87.Google Scholar

³⁶ Kant, Perpetual Peace, pp. 98–105.

³⁷ Ibid. p. 100.

³⁸ From Fichte, J. G., ‘Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf von Immanuel Kant’ (1796), reprinted in Fichte, Gesamtausgabe, vol. 3 (Stuttgart, 1962)Google Scholar, to Galvano della Volpe, Rousseau and Marx (London, 1974)Google Scholar, democratic criticism of Kant's pacifist ideas has stressed this point.

³⁹ According to some interpreters of Kant, cosmopolitan law is to be understood as ‘the relations of a state with the subjects of another state’; see Bobbio, N., Diritto e Stato in Emanuele Kant (Turin, 1969)Google Scholar. In fact, within the idea of cosmopolitan law, Kant includes the right of citizens to hospitality in foreign countries and opposition to colonialism. However, he also adds something far more interesting and fruitful for the purposes of transforming international relations, i.e. the separation of the law of nations from the law of individuals as citizens of the world.

⁴⁰ For opposite interpretations of Kant's ideas a s ‘statist’ or ‘cosmopolitan’, see Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace, and Wight, Martin, ‘An Anatomy of International Thought’, Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), pp. 221–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴² Kant, Perpetual Peace, p. 108.

⁴³ Among the applications of Kant's idea of cosmopolitan law, see Beitz, Charles, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, 1979)Google Scholar, for economic rights, Linklater, Andrew, Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations (London, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, for individual obligations, Vincent, R. J., Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge, 1986)Google Scholar with regard to the universality of some human rights, and Held, D. ‘Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System’, in Held, (ed.), Political Theory Today (Cambridge, 1991), with regard to the implications for national democracy.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ An overview of the current proposals to reform international organizations is provided in Barnaby, Frank (ed.), Building a More Democratic United Nations (London, 1991).Google Scholar