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The Formation of “Islamic Mathematics” Sources and Conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2008

Jens Høyrup
Jens Høyrup
Affiliation:
Institute of Educational Research, Media Studies and Theory of Science Roskilde University Centre
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Abstract

The development of autonomous theoretical science is often considered a “Greek miracle.” It is argued in the present paper that another “miracle,” necessary for the creation of modern science, took place for the first time in the Islamic Middle Ages, viz. the integration of (still autonomous) theory and (equally autonomous) practice.

The discussion focuses on the mathematical disciplines. It starts by investigating the plurality of traditions which were integrated into Islamic mathematics during its formation, emphasizing practitioners' “sub-scientific” traditions, and shows how these were synthesized in a way virtually unknown in earlier cultures. A discussion of the sociocultural roots of this specific synthesis concludes that a major role was played in the earlier period by the combination of fundamentalist convictions characteristic of Islam – that the most humble daily activity is directly responsible to the highest ontological level, while conversely this highest level is concerned with the humblest ranks of daily existence – with the absence of an institutionalized “Church” able to monopolize the interpretation of the mutual bond of the divine and the everyday levels.

As the institutions of learning crystallized around the turn of the millennium, the integrative attitude to theory and practice was fixated institutionally; the latter process is discussed, first with the example of the madrasah institution as the carrier of an arithmetical textbook tradition, and second with that of the bond between astronomy and theoretical geometry.

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Science in Context , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , September 1987 , pp. 281 - 329
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

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References

Bio-Bibliographical Cues

Based mainly upon DSB; GAS; GAL; Suter 1900; Sarton 1927; Sarton 1931; and Dodge 1970. All dates A.D.

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