Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-jhrpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-12T14:51:21.391Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

Deborah M. Capaldi
Deborah M. Capaldi
Affiliation:
Oregon Social Learning Center
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The current study examines outcomes at Grade 8 for boys who, at Grade 6, displayed elevated, though not necessarily clinical, levels of conduct problems and depressive symptoms. An at-risk community sample of 203 early adolescent boys in the Oregon Youth Study, a multimethod/multiagent study, was divided into the following groups at Grade 6: (a) co-occurring conduct problems and depressed mood, (b) conduct problems only, (c) depressed mood only, and (d) neither problem. The four groups were compared at Grade 8 on family management and boy's adjustment, using multivariate analyses of variance. The groups were compared also on relationships with parents, delinquency, and suicidal ideation. As hypothesized, conduct problems showed higher stability than depressive symptoms from Grade 6 to Grade 8. The conduct-problem-only boys and boys with co-occurring conduct problems and depressive symptoms continued to show considerable adjustment deficits at Grade 8, whereas boys with only depressive symptoms showed some improvement. The co-occurring group showed elevated levels of suicidal ideation. As hypothesized, conduct problems at Grade 6 were predictive of increases in depressed mood by Grade 8, but depressed mood was not predictive of an increase in the conduct problems measure. Results are consistent with a failure model whereby lack of skill and noxious behavior lead to pervasive failures and vulnerability to depressed mood.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , January 1992 , pp. 125 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Achenback, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and the revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: Author.Google Scholar
Anderson, J., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P. A. (1987). The prevalence of DSM-III disorders in a large sample of preadolescent children from the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armsden, G. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M. V., & Weissman, A. (1975). Hopelessness and suicidal behavior. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1146–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birleson, P. (1981). The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: A research report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, J., & Gjerde, P. F. (1990). Depressive symptoms in late adolescence: A longitudinal perspective on personality antecedents. In Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 334–360). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, D. M. (1991). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: I. Familial factors and general adjustment at Grade 6. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 277–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1987). An approach to the problem of recruitment and retention rates for longitudinal research. Behavioral Assessment, 9(2), 169–178.Google Scholar
Carlson, G. A., & Cantwell, D. P. (1980). Unmasking masked depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(4), 445–449.Google ScholarPubMed
Chiles, J. A., Miller, M. L., & Cox, G. B. (1980). Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1179–1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (1986). An organizational approach to childhood depression. In Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., & Read, P. B. (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 71–134). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. H. (1972). Proposed classification of childhood depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 63–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D. S., & Voss, H. L. (1974). Delinquency and dropout. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Empey, L. T. (1978). American delinquency: Its meaning and construction. Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1978). The family backgrounds of aggressive youths. In Hersov, L. A., Berger, M., & Shaffer, D. (Eds.), Aggressive and antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence (pp. 73–93). Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1991). Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 4, 389–394.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1986). Developmental aspects of children's responses to the stress of separation and loss. In Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., & Read, P. B. (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 297–324). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Gittelman-Klein, R. (1977). Definitional and methodological issues concerning depressive illness in children. In Schulterbrandt, J. G. & Raskin, A. (Eds.), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models (pp. 69–80). New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Glaser, K. (1967). Masked depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 21, 565–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, M., Mattlin, M., & Osgood, D. W. (1989). Background characteristics and responses to treatment of two types of institutionalized delinquent boys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 16(1), 5–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, L. A. (1978). Analyzing qualitative/categorical data: Log-linear models and latent structure analysis. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harter, S. (1985). Self-perception profilefor children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.Google Scholar
Hops, H., Lewinsohn, P. M., Andrews, J. A., & Roberts, R. E. (1990). Psychosocial correlates of depressive symptomatology among high school students. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(3), 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, H. B. (1975). Increase in self-rejection as an antecedent of deviant responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4, 281–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koller, K. M., & Gosden, S. D. (1980). Recidivists: Their past and families compared with first time only prisoners. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 13, 117–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In Schulterbrandt, J. G. & Raskin, A. (Eds.), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models (pp. 69–80). New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M., Paulauskas, S., Gatsonis, C., & Richards, C. (1988). Depressive disorders in childhood: III. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for conduct disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 205–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olweus, D. (1980). Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: A causal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 16, 644–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Bank, L. (1986). Bootstrapping your way in the nomological thicket. Behavioral Assessment, 8, 49–73.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Bank, L. (1987). When is a nomological network a construct? In Peterson, D. R. & Fishman, D. B. (Eds.), Assessment for decision (pp. 249–279). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Capaldi, D. M. (1990). A mediational model for boys' depressed mood. In Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 141–163). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., & Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139–168). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Puig-Antich, J. (1982). Major depression and conduct disorder in prepuberty. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21(2), 118–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhode, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Comorbidity of unipolar depression: II. Comorbidity with other mental disorders in adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 214–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruble, D. N., Parsons, J. E., & Ross, J. (1976). Selfevaluative responses of children in an achievement setting. Child Development, 47, 990–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, D. (1974). Suicide in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 275–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toolan, J. M. (1962). Depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32, 404–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar