Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-xxrs7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T02:31:48.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feeling-of-knowing in fact retrieval: Further evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2009

Beata Lipinska
Affiliation:
Section of Psychology, Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Lars Bäckman
Affiliation:
Section of Psychology, Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden

Abstract

The ability to retrieve and monitor factual information varying in datedness (i.e., dated vs. contemporary) was examined in healthy older adults and patients in an early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects were given free recall and multiple-choice recognition tests of 48 general knowledge questions. For all questions not responded to in recall, subjects made fecling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments. Results indicated dementia-related deficits in both recall and recognition, although both groups showed better recall and recognition with the dated compared with the contemporary questions. Importantly, despite deficits in fact retrieval, the AD patients showed intact monitoring of stored knowledge, as indicated by equivalent FOK accuracy for both groups. In addition, FOK accuracy was similar for the dated and the contemporary information in both groups, suggesting independence between level of general knowledge and the ability to supervise information stored in memory. (JINS, 1996, 2, 350–358.)

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bäckman, L. & Herlitz, A. (1990). The relationship between prior knowledge and face recognition memory in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Gerontology: Psychology Sciences, 45, 94100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäckman, L. & Herlitz, A. (in press). Knowledge and memory in Alzheimer's disease: A relationship that exists. In Morris, R.G. (Ed.), The cognitive neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bäckman, L. & Karlsson, T. (1985). The relation between level of general knowledge and feeling-of-knowing: An adult age study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 26, 249258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäckman, L. & Lipinska, B. (1993). Monitoring of general knowledge: Evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 31, 335345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, W.W. & Monson, N. (1991). Metamemory in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 309327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, W.W., Salmon, D.P., Butters, N., Heindel, W.C., & Granholm, E.L. (1988). Retrograde amnesia in patients with Alzheimer's disease or Huntington's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, 181186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, J.T. & Lopez, O.L. (1992). Episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease: Breakdown of multiple memory processes. In Bäckman, L. (Ed.), Memory functioning in dementia (pp. 2743). Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, J. (1985). Access to knowledge in the dementia of Huntington's disease. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 335348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, A. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In Weincrt, F.E. & Kluwe, R.H. (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding (pp. 65116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Brun, A. & Gustafsson, L. (1976). Distribution of cerebral degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Archiv fiir Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 223, 1533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chertkow, H. & Bub, D. (1990). Semantic memory in dementia of Alzheimer's type: What do various measures measure? Brain, 113, 397417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coutler, L. (1989). The feeling of knowing in depressed and nondepressed patients with Parkinson's discase. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 91.Google Scholar
Dick, M.B. (1992). Motor and procedural memory in Alzheimer's discase. In Bäckman, L. (Ed.), Memory functioning in dementia (pp. 135159). Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dick, M.B., Kean, M.-L., & Sands, D. (1988). The preselection effect on the recall facilitation of motor movements in Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 43, 127135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diesfeldt, H.F.A. (1984). The importance of encoding instructions and retrieval cues in the assessment of memory in senile dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 3, 5157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eslinger, P.J. & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 30063009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flavell, J.H. & Wellman, H.M. (1977). Metamemory. In Kail, R.V. & Hagen, J.W. (Eds.), Perspectives in the development of memory and cognition (pp. 333). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). “Minimental state:” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grady, C.L., Haxby, J.V., Schapiro, M.B., Gonzales-Aviles, A., Kumar, A., Ball, M.J., Heston, L., & Rapoport, S.I. (1990). Subgroups in dementia identified using positron emission tomog raphy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2, 373384.Google Scholar
Hachinski, V.C., Linnette, D.I., Zilhka, E., DuBoulay, G.H., McAllister, V.L., Marshall, J., Russell, R.W.R., & Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral bloodflow in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 32, 623637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, J.T. (1965). Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 208216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, J.T. (1966). A methodological note on feeling-of-knowing experiments. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 347349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, J.T. (1967). Memory and the memory-monitoring process. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 685691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, M. (1991). The use of semantic knowledge in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for impairments of attention. Neuropsychologia, 29, 213228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haxby, J.V., Grady, C.L., Koss, E., Horwitz, B., Schapiro, M.B., Friedland, R.P., & Rapoport, S.I. (1988). Heterogeneous anterior-posterior metabolic patterns in Alzheimer-type dementia. Neurology, 38, 18531863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heindel, W.C., Salomon, D.P., & Butters, N. (1991). The biasing of weight judgments in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease: A priming or programming phenomenon? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 189203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herlitz, A., Lipinska, B., & Bäckman, L. (1992). Utilization of cognitive support for episodic remembering in Alzheimer's disease. In Bäckman, L. (Ed.), Memory functioning in dementia (pp. 7396). Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herlitz, A. & Viitanen, M. (1991). Semantic organization and verbal episodic memory in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 559574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirst, W. & Volpe, B.T. (1988). Memory strategics with brain damage. Brain and Cognition, 8, 379408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, J.R., Salmon, D.P., & Butters, N. (1992). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge. Neuropsychologia, 30, 301314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huppert, F.A. (1994). Memory function in dementia and normal aging-Dimension or dichotomy? In Huppert, F.A., Brayne, C., & O'Connor, D.W. (Eds.), Dementia and normal aging (pp. 291330). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Janowsky, J.S., Shimamura, A.P., & Squire, L.R. (1989). Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Psychobiology, 17, 311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, M.M., Gabrieli, J.D.E., Fennema, A.C., Growdon, J.H., & Corkin, S. (1991). Evidence for a dissociation between perceptual and conceptual priming in Alzheimer's disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 326342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (1989). Remote and autobiographical memory, temporal context memory and frontal atrophy in Korsakoff and Alzheimer patients. Neuropsychologia, 27, 437460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, A., Schapiro, M.B., Grady, C.L., Haxby, J.V., Wagner, E., Salerno, J.A., Friedland, R.P., & Rapoport, S.I. (1991). High resolution PET studies in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsycho pharmacology, 4, 3546.Google ScholarPubMed
Lachman, J.L. & Lachman, R. (1980). Age and the actualization of world knowledge. In Poon, L.W.Fozard, J.L.Cermark, L.S.Arenberg, D., & Thomson, L.W. (Eds.), New directions in memory and aging (pp. 285311). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lachman, J.L., Lachman, R., & Thronesberry, C. (1979). Metamemory through the adult lifespan. Developmental Psychology, 15, 543551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipinska, B., Bäckman, L., & Herlitz, A. (1992). When Greta Garbo is easier to remember than Stefan Edberg: Influences of prior knowledge on recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging, 7, 214220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipinska, B., Bäckman, L., Mäntylä, T., & Viitanen, M. (1994). Effectiveness of self-generated cues in early Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 809819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A. (1992). Semantic knowledge in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for degraded representations. In Bäckman, L. (Ed.), Memory functioning in dementia (pp. 119134). Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlynn, S.M. & Kaszniak, A.W. (1991). When metacognition fails: Impaired awareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 183189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, R.G. (1984). Dementia and the functioning of the articulatory loop system. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1, 143157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R.G. (1987). Articulatory rehearsal in Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain and Language, 30, 351362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & McLachlan, D. (1986). Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memory-impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 331347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nebes, R.D. (1989). Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 377394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nebes, R.D. (1992). Cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. In Craik, F.I.M. & Salthouse, T. (Eds.), Hand book of aging and cognition (pp. 373446). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Nebes, R.D., Brady, C.B., & Huff, F.J. (1989). Automatic and attentional mechanisms of semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 219230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nebes, R.D., Martin, D.C., & Horn, L.C. (1984). Sparing of semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 321330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, T.O. (1984). A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 109113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Shea, M.F., Saling, M.M., & Bladin, P.F. (1994). Can metamemory be localized? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 640646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pappas, B.A., Sunderland, T., Weingartner, H.M., Vitiello, B., Martinson, H., & Putman, K. (1992). Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing for knowledge and episodic memory. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, 159164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagar, H.J., Cohen, N.J., Sullivan, E.V., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J.H. (1988). Remote memory function in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 111, 185206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, D.P., Heindel, W.C., & Butters, N. (1992). Semantic memory, priming, and skill learning in Alzheimer's disease. In Bäckman, L. (Ed.), Memory functioning in dementia (pp. 99118). Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D.L., McLachlan, D.R., Moscovitch, M., & Tulving, E. (1986). Monitoring of recall performance by memory disordered patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Abstract), 8, 130.Google Scholar
Shimamura, A.P. & Squire, L.R. (1986). Memory and metamemory: A study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 452460.Google ScholarPubMed
Stuss, D.T. & Benson, D.F. (1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Wellman, H.M. (1985). The origins of metacognition. In Forrest-Pressley, D.L., Mackinnan, G.E., & Waller, T.G. (Eds.), Metacognition, cognition, and human performance: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 131). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar