1 ‘AHR forum: entangled empires in the Atlantic World’, American Historical Review, 112, 3, 2007, ‘Introduction’, pp. 710–11; Eliga H. Gould, ‘Entangled histories, entangled worlds: the English-speaking Atlantic as a Spanish periphery’, American Historical Review, 112, 3, 2007, pp. 764–86; ‘AHR conversation: on transnational history’, with C. A. Bayly, Sven Beckert, Matthew Connelly, Isabel Hofmeyr, Wendy Kozol, and Patricia Seed, American Historical Review, 111, 5, 2006, pp. 1440–64; Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann, ‘Beyond comparison: histoire croisée and the challenge of reflexivity’, History and Theory, 45, 1, 2006, pp. 30–50; Deborah Cohen and Maura O’Connor, ‘Comparative history, cross-national history, transnational history: definitions’, in Deborah Cohen and Maura O’Connor, eds., Comparison and history, London: Routledge, 2004, pp. ix–xxiv; Kiran Klaus Patel, ‘“Transnations” among “transnations”? The debate on transnational history in the United States and Germany’, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series, 159, 2008, http://www.ces.fas.harvard.edu/publications/docs/pdfs/CES_159.pdf (consulted 25 June 2009).

2 See, for example, Pieke, Frank N., Nyíri, Pál, Thunø, Mette, and Ceddagno, Antonella, Transnational Chinese: Fujianese migrants in Europe, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004Google Scholar; Sucheng Chan, ed., The flow of people, resources, and ideas between China and America during the exclusion era, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006; Benton, Gregor and Gomez, E. T., Chinese in Britain, 1800–2000: economy, transnationalism, identity, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007Google Scholar; McKeown, Adam, Chinese migrant networks and cultural change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001Google Scholar; Erik van der Vleuten, ‘Toward a transnational history of technology: meanings, promises, pitfalls’, Technology and Culture, 49, 4, 2008, pp. 974–94; For a general view of diasporas studies, see Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, and Ian A. Skoggard, eds., Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world, New York and Boston, MA: Springer, 2004.

3 Pierre-Yves Saunier, ‘Learning by doing: notes about the making of the Palgrave dictionary of transnational history’, Journal of Modern European History, 6, 2, 2008, pp. 159–80.

4 Ian Tyrrell, ‘American exceptionalism in an age of international history’, American Historical Review, 96, 4, 1991, pp. 1031–55; Michael McGerr, ‘The price of the “new transnational history”’, American Historical Review, 96, 4, 1991, pp. 1056–67; Ian Tyrrell, ‘Ian Tyrrell responds’, American Historical Review, 96, 4, 1991, pp. 1068–72.

5 For US history, see Ian Tyrrell, Historians in public: the practice of American history, 1890–1970, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

6 David Thelen, ‘Of audiences, borderlands, and comparisons: toward the internationalization of American history’, Journal of American History, 79, 2, 1992, p. 433.

7 Ibid., p. 451.

8 Ibid., p. 453.

9 David Thelen, ‘The nation and beyond: transnational perspectives on United States history’, Journal of American History, 86, 3, 1999, pp. 965–75 (introduction to a special issue of the same name).

10 Bender, Thomas, New York intellect: a history of intellectual life in New York City, from 1750 to the beginnings of our own time, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988Google Scholar; Randolph Bourne, ‘Trans-national America’, Atlantic Monthly, 118, July 1916, pp. 86–97.

11 Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American history in a global age, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.

12 ‘Internationalizing the study of American history: a joint project of the Organization of American Historians and New York University: report on planning conference, Villa La Pietra, New York University in Florence, Italy July 6–9, 1997’, http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/report1.html (consulted 25 June 2009); Tyrrell, ‘American exceptionalism’, pp. 1031–55; Raymond Grew, ‘The comparative weakness of American history’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16, 1, 1985, pp. 87–101.

13 George M. Fredrickson, ‘From exceptionalism to variability: recent developments in cross-national comparative history’, Journal of American History, 82, 2, 1995, p. 590.

14 ‘Internationalizing the study of American history: a joint project of the Organization of American Historians and New York University. report on conference III, Villa La Pietra, New York University in Florence, Italy, July 5–8, 1999’, http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/report3.html (consulted 25 June 2009).

15 Micol Seigel, ‘Beyond compare: comparative method after the transnational turn’, Radical History Review, 91, Winter 2005, pp. 63, 78 (first quote).

16 Jürgen Kocka, ‘Comparison and beyond’, History and Theory, 42, 1, 2003, pp. 39–44.

17 Tyrrell, Ian, Woman's world/woman's empire: the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in international perspective, 1880–1930, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991Google Scholar; Tyrrell, Ian, True gardens of the gods: Californian–Australian environmental reform, 1860–1930, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.Google Scholar

18 Marc Bloch, ‘A contribution towards a comparative history of European societies’, in Land and work in mediaeval Europe: selected papers by Marc Bloch, trans. J. E. Anderson, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967, p. 47.

19 Michael Kazin, ‘The vogue of transnational history’, Raritan, 26, 3, 2007, p. 167.

20 William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Kenneth Pomeranz, and Peer Vries, ‘Editorial’, Journal of Global History, 1, 1, 2006, p. 2.

21 Thomas Bender, The La Pietra report: a report to the profession, http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/index.html (consulted 12 July 2008). For a parallel criticism of globalization, see Frederick Cooper, ‘What is the concept of globalization good for? An African historian's perspective’, African Affairs, 100, 2001, pp. 189–213.

22 Akira Iriye, ‘The internationalization of history’, American Historical Review, 94, 1, 1989, pp. 1–10.

23 For example, see Hoganson, Kristin, Consumers’ imperium: the global production of American domesticity, 1865–1920, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.Google Scholar

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25 Gould, ‘Entangled histories’, p. 786; Werner and Zimmermann, ‘Beyond comparison’, pp. 30–50; ‘AHR forum: entangled empires’.

26 For borderland studies, see Samuel Truett and E. Young, eds., Continental crossroads: remapping U.S.–Mexico borderlands history, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. For a critique of transnational history and the promotion of a ‘trans-border’ alternative, see Joseph E. Taylor III, ‘Boundary terminology’, Environmental History, 13, 3, 2008, pp. 454–81.

27 Konrad H. Jarausch, ‘Reflections on transnational history’, 2006, in http://www.h-net.org/~german/discuss/Trans/forum_trans_index.htm (consulted 4 June 2008).

28 ‘Internationalizing the study of American history: a joint project of the Organization of American Historians and New York University: report on conference II’, http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/report2.html (consulted 1 September 2008).

29 Gould, ‘Entangled histories’; Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘Connected histories: notes toward a reconfiguration of early modern Eurasia’, Modern Asian Studies, 31, 3, 1997, pp. 735–62.

30 Jarausch, ‘Reflections’; Ian Tyrrell, ‘Making nations/making states: American historians in the context of empire’, Journal of American History, 86, 3, 1999, pp. 1015–44.

31 Jarausch, ‘Reflections’.

32 Gunilla Budde, Sebastian Conrad, and Oliver Janz, Transnationale Geschichte: Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.

33 Patel, ‘“Transnations” among “transnations”?’, passim.

34 Lawrence Veysey, ‘The autonomy of American history reconsidered’, American Quarterly, 31, 4, 1979, pp. 455–77.

35 Carl N. Degler, ‘Remaking American history’, Journal of American History, 67, 1, 1980, p. 16.

36 Davies II, Edward J., The United States in world history, New York: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar

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39 Richard White, ‘The nationalization of nature’, Journal of American History, 86, 3, 1999, pp. 1015–44.

40 Alan Dawley, ‘Preface’, Class and community: the industrial revolution in Lynn, 25th anniversary edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000, p. xxv; see also Gyory, Andrew, Closing the gate: race, politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.Google Scholar

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44 Gutzke, Britain and transnational progressivism; Coleman, Progressivism; Ian Tyrrell, ‘Looking eastward: Pacific and global perspectives on American history in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, Japanese Journal of American Studies, 18, 2007, pp. 41–57. For environmental history, the seminal text in regard to reciprocity is Alfred W. Crosby Jr, The Columbian exchange: biological and cultural consequences of 1492, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972.

45 Examples include de Grazia, Victoria, Irresistible empire: America's advance through twentieth-century Europe, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005Google Scholar; R. Laurence Moore and Maurizio Vaudagna, eds., The American century in Europe, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003; Philip Bell and Roger Bell, eds., Americanization and Australia, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1998; Rob Kroes and Rydell, Robert, Buffalo Bill in Bologna, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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48 Tyrrell, Ian, Transnational nation: United States history in global perspective since 1789, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, ch. 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Scully, Eileen P., Bargaining with the state from afar: American citizenship in treaty port China, 1844–1942, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for American expatriates, there is no satisfactory single study, but see Maureen Montgomery, ‘Gilded prostitution’: money, migration and marriage, 1870–1914, London: Routledge, 1989.

50 Wilkins, Mira, The emergence of multinational enterprise: American business abroad from the colonial era to 1914, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar

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52 For a synthesis, see Tucker, Richard, Insatiable appetite: the United States and the ecological degradation of the tropical world, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

53 Samuel Truett, Fugitive landscapes: the forgotten history of the U.S.–Mexico borderlands, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 56.

54 Walter LaFeber, ‘The United States and Europe in an age of American unilateralism’, in Moore and Vaudagna, American Century, pp. 26, 45 (quote); for an example of the United States as global space, see LaFeber, Walter, Michael Jordan and the new global capitalism, New York: W. W. Norton, 1999Google Scholar.

55 See the essays in Ann Laura Stoler, ed., Haunted by empire: geographies of intimacy in North American history, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006; Ann Laura Stoler and Frederic Cooper, ‘Between metropole and colony: rethinking a research agenda’, in Ann Laura Stoler and Frederic Cooper, eds., Tensions of empire: colonial cultures in a bourgeois world, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997, p. 15.

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61 Headrick, Daniel R., The invisible weapon: telecommunications and international politics, 1851–1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991Google Scholar; Headrick, The tools of empire: technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

62 Tyrrell, Transnational nation, ch. 10; see the important but neglected work, Curti, Merle, American philanthropy abroad, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1963Google Scholar; cf. Richard Hofstadter, ‘Cuba, the Philippines, and manifest destiny’, in The paranoid style in American politics and other essays, New York: Knopf, 1965, pp. 145–87.

63 Manela, Wilsonian moment; Lauren, Paul Gordon, The evolution of international human rights: visions seen, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003Google Scholar. Major American work has focused on abolitionism, for which see, for example, Davis, David Brion, Slavery and human progress, New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.Google ScholarBorgwardt, Elizabeth, A New Deal for the world: America's vision for human rights, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005, focuses on the export of an American ideaCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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67 Corbould, Clare, Becoming African Americans: black public life in Harlem, 1919–1939, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, pp. 161–2, 209–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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70 Ryan Dunch, ‘Beyond cultural imperialism: cultural theory, Christian missions, and global modernity’, History and Theory, 41, 3, 2002, p. 320.

71 Mary and Margaret Leitch, Seven years in Ceylon: stories of mission life, New York: American Tract Society, 1890.

72 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, R. 456, Mary and Margaret W. Leitch to ‘Mrs Smith’ (née Emily Maria Fairbank, of Tillypally, Ceylon), 19 April 1890 (underlining in original).

73 Ibid., Margaret W. Leitch to N. G. Clark, 3 April 1882.

74 Martin H. Geyer and Johannes Paulmann, ‘Introduction: the mechanics of internationalism’, in Geyer and Paulmann, Mechanics, pp. 22–3.

75 Ibid.; Herren, ‘Governmental internationalism’, pp. 121–44; ‘A3 The real fiction of unreal equality: networking the international system’, University of Heidelberg Research Clusters, 2009, http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/research/areas/a/projects (consulted 16 April 2009).

76 On ‘humanitarianism’, see Gil Gott, ‘Imperial humanitarianism: history of an arrested dialectic’, in Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol, ed., Moral imperialism: a critical anthology, New York: New York University Press, 2002, pp. 19–39.

77 Curti, American philanthropy; Hochschild, Adam, King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998Google Scholar; Lauren, Evolution, ch. 2.

78 For a general view of diaspora studies, see Ember, Ember, and Skoggard, eds., Encyclopedia of diasporas.

79 For much earlier studies, see Harold Marraro, ‘Garibaldi in New York’, New York History, 27, April 1946, pp. 182–4; Lawrence J. McCaffrey, ed., Irish nationalism and the American contribution, New York: Arno Press, 1976. For a recent study, see Doorley, Michael, Irish-American diaspora nationalism: the Friends of Irish Freedom, 1916–1935, Portland, OR: Four Courts, 2005Google Scholar. Among US historians, Donna Gabaccia has led the way in developing transnational interpretation of Italian diasporas: see, for example, Gabaccia, Italy's many diasporas, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2000.

80 Corbould, Becoming African Americans, pp. 161–2, 209–13. Among numerous other works, see Owens, Irma Watkins, Blood relations: Caribbean immigrants and the Harlem community, 1900–1930, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996Google Scholar; Gaines, Kevin, American Africans in Ghana: black expatriates in the civil rights era, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 29, 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; James, Winston, Holding aloft the banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean radicalism in early twentieth-century America, London: Verso, 1998Google Scholar; Stein, Judith, The world of Marcus Garvey: race and class in modern society, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

81 Pierre-Yves Saunier profile, 2007, http://www.h-net.org/people/editors/show.cgi?ID=124605 (consulted 24 September 2008); Pierre-Yves Saunier and Shane Ewen, eds., Another global city: historical explorations into the transnational municipal moment, 1850–2000, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

82 Saunier, ‘Learning by doing’, pp. 173–4; see also Maier, ‘Discussion.’

83 White, ‘Nationalization of nature’.

84 Akira Iriye and Pierre-Yves Saunier, eds., The Palgrave Dictionary of transnational history, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009; Saunier, ‘Learning by doing’, p. 14.

85 Saunier, ‘Learning by doing’, p. 169.

86 See, for example, Mary Beth Norton et al., A people and a nation, 7th edition, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2005; Brinkley, Alan W., American history: a survey, 11th edition, Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, 2003.Google Scholar

87 Bender, Thomas, A nation among nations: America's place in world history, New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.Google Scholar

88 Rauchway, Eric, Blessed among nations: how the world made America, New York: Hill and Wang, 2006Google Scholar. For a more balanced view that emphasizes comparisons as well as transnational aspects, see Guarneri, Carl J., America in the world: United States history in global context, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Google Scholar